Nested Levels of Hybrid Cryptographical Technique for Secure Information Exchange ()
1. Introduction
In the digital world, the security of the information transmitted over the network is a major problem. Many populations around the globe are using the high-speed internet connectivity and this is because of the growth of digitization and e-commerce. Large-scale storage and management of information are made possible by cloud computing. It provides flexibility for data retrieval at any time and from any location. Data storage on the cloud has been popular among the various businesses and individual users. Although the cloud is receiving a lot of close attention, there are still issues with data security, privacy, dependability, and portability that must be addressed in the current era of technology.
On the other hand, COVID-19 was investigated as an infectious disease due to corona virus in the year 2019, due to this pandemic situation, many people were attached the high-speed network from home. Most of the organizations were functioning from the isolated platform and employees of the organizations are working from home and the same concept is also trending in the current scenario. The said virus has completely changed the life of human beings and forced them to work from the isolated places due to the large number of organizations alongwith their employees is well connected over the network. Hence, it is important to resolve the issues of the security related to information exchange between the two parties. Many of the algorithms based on the single types of cryptographical techniques called as conventional algorithms have been broken down by the hackers. Therefore, the present work is an attempt to recommend the hybrid approach of cryptographical techniques called as LEFD approach of cryptography.
In the nested levels of cryptography, the input message is encrypted by Algorithm A and generated by the cipher text-1. This cipher text-1 has given as input for cryptography of Algorithm B. The cipher text-1 is encrypted by Algorithm B and generates cipher text-2. The cipher text-2 is shared over insecure channel connected through high-speed network. Figure 1 represents the nested levels of cryptography. For decryption, the cipher text-2 is decrypted by Algorithm B and generates cipher text-1. The cipher text-1 is further decrypted by Algorithm A.
In the proposed method, nested levels of hybrid cryptography are proposed with the help of DNA and Paillier cryptographical techniques. A growing percentage of businesses in the information technology, healthcare, and educational
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Figure 1. Detailed view of nested levels of cryptography.
sectors currently use cloud-based computing services in daily life. Additionally, there is a rising demand for cloud-based assets, which may be utilised and retrieved whenever one wants. Information security has been transformed by DNA cryptography, which uses strict biological and mathematical concepts to encrypt the original data in the form of the sequence of DNA. The use of related DNA-based keys for encryption is vital when using these approaches. In a particular kind of cryptography called DNA cryptography, private data is securely encrypted and decrypted using the unique features of DNA molecules. It investigates the possible benefits of using DNA as a means of preserving and transmitting encrypted data. The four bases of nucleotide that make up DNA, Adenine (A) represents 00, Cytosine (C) represents 01, Guanine (G) represents 10 and Thymine (T) represents 11. The bases mentioned above serve as the building blocks of DNA sequences, and the order of arrangement affects the information that is encrypted.
Paillier cryptography was introduced by Pascal Paillier in the year 1990. Paillier cryptography is public key cryptography algorithm. Paillier cryptography works on prime number with equal size distinct number. For example, if we choose one prime number with three-digit number as 103 and second prime number will be chosen from any prime number with equal length of three digits i.e. 997. With the help of these two prime numbers, we generate public and private keys. Paillier cryptography has three steps such that key generation, encryption and decryption and is described in the following steps [1] :
Key_Generation( )
Step 1. Choose two large prime numbers that are equal in size and must be distinct numbers and assume as Prmno1 and Prmno2.
Step 2. Compute N = (Prmno1 * Prmno2) and Define function
.
Step 3. Computation for private key, Prv_Key = (LCM (Prmno1 − 1, Prmno2 − 1)), and µ = (L(GPrv_Key MOD N2))–1, where G is any random number, which is G
ℤ *N.
Step 3. Public key is Prb_Key(N, G).
Encryption( )
Step 1. Count the size of message, store in M and to check 0 ≤ M ≤ N.
Step 2. Select any random number Rndm_number, which is 0 < Rndm_number < N and Rndm_number
ℤ *N.
Step 3. Encrypt the message, Cphr_txt = GM.Rndm_numberN MOD N2.
Decryption( )
Step 1. To check Cphr_txt < N2.
Step 2. Computation for Original Message = L(Cphr_txtPrv_Key MOD N2). µ MOD N.
The above two algorithms are well-established techniques used for security of the plain text and also for the other kinds of information converted into the ASCII code. DNA generates symmetric keys while Paillier generates the asymmetric keys used for encryption and decryption methods and cracking of any one algorithm is still not reported in the literature hence combination of these two algorithms is taken as a nested level of security during exchange of the information.
2. Related Work
The researchers have developed a wide range of assessment methods for the hybrid cryptography. Let’s go through a few of the significant studies that are connected to the hybrid cryptography (nested levels of hybrid cryptography). Kumar and Saxena [1] have also implemented key exchange in hybrid cryptography with the help of AES and Paillier cryptography. In the year 2015, Kumar and Jagan [2] have implemented two-layer security for data security. Public key cryptography was employed at the top layer, whereas steganography was solely utilised at the bottom layer. In the first layer, RSA cryptography is used while in the second layer, steganography is used. Saxena and Dey [3] have implemented the technique for integrity of data verification in cloud computing environment with support of Paillier cryptography and data block (combinational batch code). Each piece of information is given a unique verifiable value using homomorphic tags and the Paillier cryptography system, which enables to perform data processing operations on the block. To allocate and save fundamental data onto several scattered cloud servers, combinatorial batch codes are utilised. Akomolafe and Abodunrin [4] have implemented hybrid cryptography in combination of hash, symmetric and digital signature where hash cryptography is Blake2, symmetric cryptography is AES and digital signature is Schnorr signature. Gandara et al. [5] have discussed that hybrid cryptography gradually raise the protection standard and reduce resource consumption in WSN and compared to symmetric and asymmetric algorithms, hybrid cryptography was more effective at escalating security defence levels and reducing utilisation of resources on wireless sensor networks. Kumar and Saxena [6] have implemented nested levels of cryptography with the help of AES, RSA and genetic algorithm. El-Douh et al. [7] have discussed classification of hybrid cryptography in respective of model based and domain of application.
In the year 2018, Hazre et al. [8] have used DNA cryptography in addition to different cryptography method. The outcomes of the experiments demonstrate that DNA may be used for a variety of biological processes and encoding methods. Abdullah et al. [9] have discussed various DNA based cryptography, provided brief information of some DNA based cryptography and compared between conventional types of cryptography and DNA based cryptography. Hammad et al. [10] had implemented hybrid cryptography with help of DNA and RSA cryptography. In the first part, DNA cryptography is used with One Time Password (OTP) and in the second part, DNA cryptography is incorporated with RSA cryptography. The current experimental findings demonstrated that DNA symmetric cryptography performed well in time and size evaluations. In the year 2018, Sohal and Sharma [11] had implemented new cryptography algorithm that encrypts information on the client side before it is uploaded to the cloud (network server). The proposed algorithm had compared with some symmetric cryptographic algorithm such that DES, AES and Blowfish. The results of the experiment show that, when measured in terms of cipher text size, encryption time, and throughput, suggested technique performs better than standard algorithms. Khobzaoui et al. [12] have implemented DNA cryptography with help of chromosome and it was symmetric type of cryptography. The technique involves encrypting and decrypting the data in blocks of characters while using a symmetric key that was retrieved from a chromosome. Mukherjee et al. [13] have implemented DNA cryptography to extract key with help of genetic algorithm approach. The studies presented a function of fitness computation for those weak keys based on the standard deviation. Poriye and Upadhyaya [14] have designed a security framework with help of DNA cryptography for WSN. The structure of the system is divided into stages, including the one involving both the decryption and encryption of data between two sensor nodes in the network. The process used in cryptography is like the framework and functions of DNA. Seth et al. [15] have implemented hybrid cryptography with the help of Blowfish and Paillier cryptography. The suggested hybrid cryptography aims to increase the computing efficiency and ciphertext size of cloud storage. This combination of homomorphic and asymmetric cryptography had shown to provide increased security. Utilising compression had aided in reducing both store space and calculation time.
In the year 2021, Koundinya and SK [16] have implemented two-layer encryption with the help of two popular asymmetric cryptography such as Paillier and Elgamal cryptography. The Paillier cryptosystem, which was employed for applications like secure biometrics and electronic voting, makes use of additive homomorphism. Elgamal cryptography makes sure that two-layer encryption is used to protect Paillier encrypted data. Munjal and Bhatia [17] have analyzed and compared between partial homomorphic cryptography RSA and Paillier cryptography and examined based on key generation, encryption time, decryption time, computation time and communicational time. Kumar et al. [18] have implemented new homomorphic cryptography with the help of Paillier cryptography and bit shifting. The techniques enable to perform mathematical operations on encrypted data without having to first decode them. Asiedu and MuminSalifu [19] have improved Paillier cryptography with the help of Residue Number System (RNS). In the enhanced traditional system of cryptography, there are two steps of encryption and decryption in the Paillier cryptosystem. In the first step, Paillier cryptography is followed and in the second step, the cipher text is processed by moduli that occurred from Paillier cryptography. Kumar et al. [20] have implemented hybrid cryptography with the help of AES, RSA and Elliptic Curve Integrated Scheme (ECIES) cryptography. Saxena and Kumar [21] have implemented new hybrid cryptography for currency transaction with the help of fuzzy, hash cryptography, fingerprint authentication and Elgamal cryptography. Yadav and Kumar [22] have presented a new hybrid cryptography in combination of symmetric, asymmetric and DNA cryptography. The resultant hybrid technique outperformed the AES algorithm in terms of bio complexity for packages larger than 200 kilobytes and was at least 20.7398% quicker than the conventional RSA scheme.
3. Proposed Method
In the proposed method, the nested levels of hybrid cryptography are investigated. Before the information exchange, the key is generated by Paillier cryptography. Paillier cryptography shared public key over insecure channel connected through high-speed networks. Figure 2 represents block diagram of proposed algorithm.
In the proposed algorithm, the level-1 is encrypted by DNA cryptography and the level-2 is encrypted by Paillier cryptography.
The steps of the proposed algorithm are given below:
Key_Generation ( )
Step 1. Receiver generates public and private key with the help of Paillier Cryptography.
Step 2. Shares public key.
Step 3. Sender generates private key with help of DNA Cryptography.
Encryption()
Step 1. At level-1 encryption, DNACipher = DNApriv_key_DNA (Message).
Step 2. At level-2 encryption, PaillierCipher = ENCPaillier, pubkey (DNACipher).
Step 3. Shared cipher text of level-2 over insecure channels as PaillierCipher.
Decryption()
Step 1. At level-1 decryption, DNACipher = DECPaillier, priv_key (PaillierCipher).
Step 2. At level-2 decryption, Message = DECpriv_key_DNA (DNACipher).
In the proposed algorithm, the sender receives public key of the receiver which is the public key generated by Paillier cryptography. The sender encrypts the message by DNA cryptography and generates cipher text. Again, this cipher text is encrypted by public key of Paillier cryptography and this cipher text sent over insecure channels. The recipient receives the cipher text and the cipher text is decrypted by private key of Paillier cryptography. In next phase, decrypted value is decrypted by DNA cryptography.
4. Results and Discussion
The nested levels of hybrid cryptography provide more security than other algorithms available in the literature. The proposed algorithm combines DNA cryptography as symmetric and Paillier cryptography as asymmetric cryptography. In the nested levels of cryptography, one cryptography algorithm encrypts the message and generates cipher text, this cipher text gives second cryptography as message. Second cryptography encrypts this cipher text according to the public key and generates cipher text. This cipher text shares over insecure channel. At the receiver end, the cipher text is decrypted by cryptography algorithm which is encrypt in the last which means that it follows the concept of last in first out and denoted as LEFD.
The experiments are computed in Python 3.10.6. Table 1 represents comparison of existing algorithm and proposed algorithm. The first column represents size of input message, the second column represents time taken by existing algorithm and the third column represents time taken by proposed algorithm.
Let’s take an example with input a text message like “This is my research algorithm”. Table 2 represents level of encryption and decryption of proposed algorithm.
Further, Figure 3 represents comparison between existing algorithm and proposed algorithm. When size of inputs is less then encryption and decryption process take less time.
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Figure 3. Comparison between existing algorithm and proposed algorithm.
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Table 1. Comparison between existing algorithm and proposed algorithm.
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Table 2. Level wise encryption and decryption of the proposed algorithm.
5. Conclusion and Future Scope
From the above work, it is concluded that nested levels of hybrid cryptography provide better security than a single level of cryptography. In the proposed work, the cryptography algorithm uses hybrid cryptography such that DNA cryptography is symmetric cryptography and Paillier cryptography is asymmetric cryptography. DNA cryptography consumes less time in encryption and decryption process than other algorithms. The cipher text-2 has been shared along with the key of DNA cryptography. It used two cryptographies but shared only one cipher text. Hence, the proposed algorithm takes less bandwidth during data transmission over communication channels. In the future, the proposed approach may be extended by considering other prominent algorithms used for encryption and decryption.