Intraarticular Nodular Fasciitis in the Knee Joint with USP6-Gene Rearrangement
—A Case Report with Special Attention to Diagnostics of Intraarticular Lesions

G. Ulrich Exner¹, Beata Bode-Lesniewska², Pascal A. Schai³

¹Orthopaedie Zentrum Zuerich, Zuerich, Switzerland.
²Pathologie Institut Enge, Zuerich, Switzerland.
³Luzerner Kantonsspital Wolhusen, Wolhusen, Switzerland.

DOI: 10.4236/ojo.2020.106014                

Abstract

Background: Nodular fasciitis (NF) is currently considered a self-limited clonal neoplastic process. It shares the rearrangement of USP6-gene with aneurysmal bone cysts and myositis ossificans. The presented case is of interest as this is a rare site of presentation of NF; so far only few single cases of intraarticular NF have been reported with documented USP6-gene rearrangement. Intraarticular neoplasias of the knee joint are rare; the most frequent being tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TSGCT). Given a nationwide annual incidence rate of 14 for the lower extremity and about 75% affecting the knee joint about 10 new cases involving the knee joint can be expected per 1 million persons/year. All other types of benign neoplasms are comparably rare while malignant intraarticular processes are extremely rare with most of them reported as single case studies. Aim: We report our case to emphasize the importance of preoperative diagnostics including the option of biopsy. Intraarticular malignant processes are extremely rare and frequently are operated on accidently with negative consequences for the patient. Tactics and techniques to treat benign processes depend on the correct pathologic diagnosis. Case presentation: The 38 year old man noticed slowly increasing swelling of his left knee joint after wakeboarding. Because of continuing discomfort 2 months later MRI diagnostic revealed, apart from retropatellar cartilage lesions, a popliteal mass compatible with a Baker cyst. The lesion of interest (later diagnosed as NF) was neither recognized by the radiologist nor the treating clinician. During the following 8 months the patient felt increasing swelling of the knee joint. The repeat MRI documented the crescent intraarticular solid synovial mass in the medial patellofemoral recess without signs of hemosiderin impregnation. A percutaneous sonographically guided 16G needle biopsy was performed. Histologically, bland myofibroblastic proliferation suggestive of nodular fasciitis (NF) was found. The next generation sequencing (NGS) demonstrated the presence of MYH9-USP6 gene fusion, confirming the diagnosis of NF. The lesion was excised under arthroscopic control. At 1 year follow-up the patient is asymptomatic. Conclusion: The case is of interest because of its rare pathology. The decision how to treat was based on pathologic biopsy diagnostics including the USP6-gene rearrangement. In view of similar presentation of the rare malignancies we also want to stress the importance of definitive diagnostics which generally are possible only through biopsy.

Keywords

Nodular Fasciitis, Knee, Arthroscopy, Intra-Articular Lesions

1. Introduction

Nodular fasciitis (NF) is currently considered a self-limited clonal neoplastic process. It shares the rearrangement of USP6-gene with aneurysmal bone cysts and myositis ossificans. The presented case is of interest as this is a rare site of presentation of NF; so far only few single cases of intraarticular NF have been reported.

Intraarticular neoplasias of the knee joint are rare; the most frequent being tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TSGCT). Given a nationwide annual incidence rate of 14 for the lower extremity [1] and about 75% affecting the knee joint [2] about 10 new cases involving the knee joint can be expected per 1 million person/year. All other types of benign neoplasias are comparably rare while malignant intraarticular processes are extremely rare and mostly are reported as single case studies. An overview of intraarticular tumors of synovial joints recently was given by Jang et al. [3]; a list of diagnoses to be considered with reference to most recent reports is given in Tables 1-3 to assist in the differential diagnostic evaluation of images.

We report our case to emphasize the impact of preoperative biopsy in spite of the fact that intraarticular malignant processes are extremely rare as the treatment approach for benign processes also depends on the pathologic diagnosis. Frequently malignant tumors are operated accidently [4] [5].

2. Case Presentation

The 38 year old man noticed slowly increasing swelling of his left knee joint while wakeboarding. Because of continuing discomfort 2 months later MRI (08/2018) diagnostic revealed, apart from retropatellar cartilage lesions, a popliteal mass compatible with a Baker cyst. The lesion of interest (later diagnosed as NF) was neither recognized by the radiologist nor the treating clinician (Figure 1).

Table 1. Intra-articular benign lesions.

SFM = Single Solid Focal Mass within the joint. MSM = Multifocal Solid Mass defined as more than one intra-articular mass. DSM = Diffuse Solid Mass defined as a solid lesion filling the whole of the joint space. DS = Diffuse Synovitis defined as uniform or irregular generalised synovial thickening. E = Erosion present, C = Calcification present [13].

Table 2. Intra-articular malignant lesions. Presentation is very variable; therefore no pattern can be specifically defined. References refer to case studies.

Figure 1. Transverse MRI at first presentation showing the well circumscribed lesion in the medial patellofemoral recess, in the first radiology report interpreted as edematous fat lobules (in spite different signal behaviour to subcutaneous fat).

Table 3. Intra-articular non-neoplastic lesions. References refer to case studies.

During the following 8 months the patient felt increasing swelling of the knee joint. The repeat MRI (04/2019) documented the growing intraarticular solid synovial mass in the medial patellofemoral recess without signs of hemosiderin impregnation (Figure 2). A percutaneous sonographically guided 16G needle biopsy was performed.

Histologically (Figure 3) both the core biopsy sample (a and b) and the resected specimen (c) consisted of bland myofibroblastic proliferation, microscopically consistent with NF. No atypical mitotic activity, no necrosis and no pleomorphy were found. Immunohistochemically expression of SMA was observed (d), while desmin, ALK1, S100, CD34 and cytokeratins remained negative. The NGS performed on the preoperative core biopsy demonstrated the presence of MYH9-USP6 gene fusion, confirming the diagnosis of NF.

Based on accessible location and histological typing, arthroscopically assisted resection was considered suitable for complete tumor removal. Arthroscopic tumor resection was performed, with uneventful functional recovery (Figure 4). The resected specimen showed macroscopically typical features of NF (Figure 5). Control-MRI 7 months later (12/2019) showed, apart from postoperative variations, no signs of tumor recurrence (Figure 6).

At 1 year follow-up the patient is asymptomatic.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. (a) Sagittal T2-weighted image of repeat MRI (8 months after imaging in Figure 1) revealing a distinctively enlarged patellofemoral recess containing a polycyclic partially septated tumor mass of 5.7 × 4 × 2.5 cm size; (b) Axial T2-weighted image of repeat MRI (8 months after imaging in Figure 1) depicting the voluminous tumor mass medially to the patella, with increased contrast medium enhancement, without hemosiderin deposits.

Figure 3. (a) (b) (c) (d) Histologically, both the core biopsy sample ((a) overview in original magnification 25× and (b) original magnification 200×; both in HE staining) and the resected specimen ((c), original magnification 25×, HE staining) consisted of bland myofibroblastic proliferation microscopically consistent with NF. No atypical mitotic activity, no necrosis and no pleomorphy was found. Immunohistochemically expression of SMA was observed ((d); original magnification 200×), while desmin, ALK1, S100, CD34 and cytokeratins remained negative (not shown). The NGS demonstrated the presence of MYH9-USP6 gene fusion, confirming the diagnosis of NF. The resected specimen (c) consisted of bland myofibroblastic proliferation microscopically consistent with NF. No atypical mitotic activity, no necrosis and no pleomorphy was found. Immunohistochemically expression of SMA was observed (d), while desmin, ALK1, S100, CD34 and cytokeratins remained negative. The NGS demonstrated the presence of MYH9-USP6 gene fusion, confirming the diagnosis of NF.

(a)(b)(c)(d)

Figure 4. (a) Arthroscopic view from anterolateral portal towards medial suprapatellar recess, where the large intraarticular soft-tissue tumor is located; (b) The close-up view shows the pale white smooth surface of the polycyclic tumor mass, surrounded by reactive synovitis; (c) Arthroscopic resection of NF-tumor by coblation technique via lateral-suprapatellar portal, cutting through the broad tumor base by means of vaporizer (ArthroCare, Sunnyvale, CA), preserving the fibrous capsular layer; (d) Ablation of the entire tumor mass with grasping forceps through enlarged lateral-suprapatellar portal.

(a)(b)

Figure 5. (a) The fresh excised specimen; (b) Cross section of the formalin fixed specimen shows nodular pale-white surface with cystic formation peripherally and smooth pseudo capsule.

(a)(b)

Figure 6. (a) Sagittal T1-weighted control MRI after tumor resection without evident remnants or recurrence of former NF entity in the patellofemoral compartment; (b) Axial T2-weighed control MRI depicting postoperative synovial changes with minimally increased contrast-medium enhancement medial to the patella, pre-existing degenerative chondral changes and minimal residual effusion.

3. Discussion

The intra-articular mass in the presented case was not appreciated/recognised as pathologic formation in the first MRI performed elsewhere. The enlarging mass documented in the repeat MRI 8 months later did not exhibit a pattern clearly attributable to a specific diagnosis. Considering the possibility of a malignant process (e.g. synovial sarcoma) it was decided to perform a sonographically guided core biopsy leading to the diagnosis of NF confirmed by the presence of the MYH9-USP6 rearrangement in the NGS study.

The presence of the USP6 gene rearrangement appears to be a factor involved in the development of neoplastic processes with the tendency to spontaneous regression, such as NF [6] [7] [8]. Both myositis ossificans and aneurysmal bone cyst belong to the spectrum of lesions with MYH9-USP6 gene fusion and are considered as a model of “don’t touch lesions” [9]. Further observation to expect possible spontaneous regression was discussed with the patient; however with documented enlargement and increasing discomfort he opted for active treatment. Arthroscopically a marginal en-bloc resection could be performed. The MRI 7 months postoperative showed no evidence of tumor persistence and the patient is asymptomatic at 1 year follow-up.

NF commonly occurs in sucutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, vessels [2], but is rarely seen intraarticular [10]. MYH9-USP6 gene fusion identified in intraarticular NF of the knee was first described by Miyama et al. [10] in two cases; a third case of intraarticular NF of the knee with MYH9-USP6 gene fusion was reported by Igrec et al. [11].

Even though intraarticular NF diagnosed without proven USP6-gene-rearrangement may behave and be treated similar as NF in other locations we would caution to pool and mix data as this may prevent to estimate possible differences according to the site of affection.

In the reported cases of intraarticular NF the lesions were usually operated without prior biopsy, often assumed to be TSGCT.

Fortunately intraarticular malignant processes are rare and reported as case studies or small series [12] [13] [14] [15].

However, given the impact of inappropriate initial treatment of sarcomas of any site cautious diagnostic assessment of any articular process is mandatory.

Imaging of TSGCT, the most frequent intra-articular neoplasia, is fairly typical and when hemosiderin deposits are present almost pathognomonic. However most other benign processes exhibit features also observed in TSGCT.

Synovial processes can be considered as already having contaminated the entire joint as is the case of extraarticular neoplasm having invaded the joint. Treatment modalities for benign processes may differ according to the definitive pathologic diagnosis ranging from observation (sometimes indicated in TSGCT, maybe also for NF) over arthroscopic procedures (indicated for most benign neoplasms) to open resection as favored e.g. for synovial hemangioma [16] [17].

An overview regarding diagnosis and management of neoplasms involving synovial joints recently was given by Jang et al. [3] including osseous processes. Chebib et al. [15] report on 15 cases of intraarticular sarcoma; synovial sarcoma (n = 6) and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (n = 3) being the most frequent.

Imaging of intraarticular masses are classified by Adams et al. [13] according to absence or presence of calcification and bone erosions in radiography, and MRI features subdivided in four categories as solitary focal mass, multifocal solid masses, diffuse solid mass and diffuse synovitis (Table 1).

Sheldon et al. [12] classify synovial processes according to their nature as non-infectious synovial proliferative processes, infectious granulomatous diseases, vascular malformations, malignancies, and miscellaneous.

When assessing intra-articular processes we follow a checklist according to the pathologies given in Tables 1-3. If there is doubt about diagnosis and the best treatment modality percutaneous ultrasound or CT-guided biopsy is favored whenever feasible. Primary arthroscopic or open approach should be reserved for unequivocally clear indications.

This case confirms the experience of the three reported cases of NF with USP6-gene rearrangement and adds informations referring to diagnosis and management of rare intraarticular neoplasm.

4. Conclusions

The diagnosis of intra-articular NF can be confirmed by the presence of MYH9-USP6 gene fusion and should be considered in the evaluation of intra-articular lesion.

Though the most frequent synovial process is TSGCT treatment strategies should be developed upon all possible other diagnoses including sarcoma, metastases, tumor-like lesions as well as infection or malformation.

Using a check-list may assist in the evaluation.

In the work-up of intra-articular synovial processes of the knee we follow a check-list as given in Tables 1-3 with reference to respective reports and the WHO classification of tumours of soft tissue and bone [2].

Patient Consent

The patient was informed that data from his case would be submitted for publication, and an informed consent was obtained.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

References

[1]	Mastboom, M.J.L., Verspoor, F.G.M., Verschoor, A.J., Uittenbogaard, D., Nemeth, B., Mastboom, W.J.B., Boyée, J.V.M.G., Dijkstra, P.D.S., Schreuder, H.W.B., Gelderblom, H., Van de Sande, M.A.J. and TGCT Study Group (2017) Higher Incidence Rates than Previously Known in Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors. A Nationwide Study in the Netherlands. Acta Orthopaedica, 88, 688-694. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2017.1361126
[2]	Fletcher, C.D.M., Bridge, J.A., Hogendoorn, P.C.W. and Mertens, F. (2013) WHO Classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. International Agency for Research of Cancer, Lyon.
[3]	Jang, E., Danford, N.C., Levin, A.S. and Tyler, W.K. (2018) Intra-Articular Tumors: Diagnosis and Management of the Most Common Neoplasms Involving Synovial Joints. JBJS Reviews, 6, e8. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.17.00210
[4]	Kimura, H., Yamamoto, M., Nishida, H., Hayasi, K., Takeuchi, A., Nojima, T., Ikeda, H., Sawada-Kitamura, S. and Tsuchiya, H. (2014) Synovial Sarcoma in Knee Joint, Mimicking Low-Grade Sarcoma Confirmed by Molecular Detection of SYT Gene Split. Anticancer Research, 34, 3105-3112.
[5]	Exner, G.U., Kurrer, M.O., Mamisch-Saupe, N. and Cannon, S.R. (2017) The Tactics and Technique of Musculoskeletal Biopsy. EFORT Open Reviews, 7, 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.2.160065
[6]	Erickson-Johnson, M.R., Chou, M.M., Evers, B.R., Roth, C.W., Seys, A.R., Jin, L., Ye, Y., Lau, A.W., Wang, X. and Oliveira, A.M. (2011) Nodular Fasciitis: A Novel Model of Transient Neoplasia Induced by MYH9-USP6 Gene Fusion. Laboratory Investigation, 91, 1427-1433. https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2011.118
[7]	Matsuda, I., Nakamura, J., Ohkouchi, M., Torii, Y., Futani, H., Tsukamoto, Y. and Hirota, S. (2019) Expression of p16 in Nodular Fasciitis: An Implication for Self-Limited and Inflammatory Nature of the Lesion. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 12, 1029-1034.
[8]	Shin, C., Low, I., Ng, D., Oei, P., Miles, C. and Symmans, P. (2016) USP6 Gene Rearrangement in Nodular Fasciitis and Histological Mimics. Histopathology, 69, 784-791. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13011
[9]	Kaiser, E., Fonseca, U.N., Castro, A., Kubo, R.S., Miranda, F.C., Taneja, A.K., Santos, D. and Rosemberg, L.A. (2019) Musculoskeletal Don’t Touch Lesions: Pictorial Essay. Radiologia Brasileira, 52, 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0225
[10]	Miyama, A., Kuratsu, S., Takenaka, S., Yoshimura, M., Yoneda, G., Yamada, Y. and Oda, Y. (2018) Two Case Reports of Intra-Articular Nodular Fasciitis of the Knee Confirmed by MYH9-USP6 Gene Fusion Expression. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jos.2018.12.008
[11]	Igrec, J., Brcic, I., Igrec, R., Bergovec, M., Kashofer, K., Fuchsjager, M., Leithner, A. and Liegl-Atzwanger, B. (2020) Intraarticular Nodular Fasciitis of the Knee with MYH9-USP6 Fusion: A Case Report. International Journal of Surgical Pathology, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066896920908054
[12]	Sheldon, P.J., Forrester, D.M. and Learch, T.J. (2005) Imaging of Intra-Articular Masses. RadioGraphics, 25, 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.251045050
[13]	Adams, M.E. and Saifuddin, A. (2007) Characterisation of Intra-Articular Soft Tissue Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions. European Radiology, 17, 950-958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0381-4
[14]	Bhadra, A.K., Pollock, R., Tirabosco, R.P., Skinner, J.A.M., Cannon, S.R., Briggs, T.W.R. and Flanagan, A.M. (2007) Primary Tumours of the Synovium. A Report of Four Cases of Malignant Tumour. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 89, 1604-1608. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.89B11.18963
[15]	Chebib, I., Rosenberg, A.E., Fletcher, C.D.M., Rosenthal, D.I., Hornicek, F.J. and Nielsen, G.P. (2016) Primary Intra-Articular Sarcoma: A Clincopathological Study of 15 Cases. Histopathology, 69, 614-623. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.12978
[16]	Ramseier, L.E. and Exner, G.U. (2004) Arthropathy of the Knee Joint Caused by Synovial Hemangioma. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 24, 83-86. https://doi.org/10.1097/01241398-200401000-00016
[17]	Muramatsu, K., Iwanaga, R. and Sakai, T. (2019) Synovial Hemangioma of the Knee Joint in Pediatrics; Our Case Series and Review of Literature. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 29, 1291-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-019-02431-5
[18]	Evenski, A.J., Stensby, J.D., Rosas, S. and Emory, C.L. (2019) Diagnostic Imaging and Management of Common Intra-Articular and Periarticular Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of the Knee. Journal of Knee Surgery, 32, 322-330. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675609
[19]	Fornaciari, P., Schai, P.A., Niehaus, R. and Exner, G.U. (2015) Intra-Articular Giant Synovial Osteochondroma: Case Reports of the Ankle and Knee Joint. Case Reports in Orthopaedics, 2015, Article ID: 320139. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/320139
[20]	Fornaciari, P., Schai, P.A., Kurrer, M.O. and Exner, G.U. (2016) Arthroscopic Synovectomy in Bilateral Lipoma Arborescens. Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports, 6, 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/320139
[21]	Vanhoenacker, A.-A., Seynaeve, P., Vanrietvelde, F., Alearts, H. and Verstraete, K. (2020) Subsynovial Epidermal Inclusion Cyst of the Knee. Skeletal Radiology, 49, 317-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-019-03276-z
[22]	Varshney, M.K., Jain, M., Sud, A., Agarwal, S. and Nain, M. (2011) Unusual Multicentric Angiomyolipoma of Knee Joint and Soft Tissue Foot. Joint Bone Spine, 78, 85-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.07.015
[23]	Cao, C., Cao, Z., Liu, G., Liu, S., Ye, Y. and Sun, T. (2018) The Diagnosis and Arthroscopic Treatment of Angioleiomyoma Presenting Loose Body in the Knee Joint: Two Case Reports. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 19, 163-167. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2087-6
[24]	Hsu, J.-H. and Wu, F.-Z. (2013) Orthopaedic Case of the Month: A Painless Knee Mass in a 55-Year old Woman. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 471, 1100-1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-012-2650-7
[25]	Martel, J.R.C. and Sarmiento, S.E. (2019) Schwannoma: A Rare Hoffa’s Fat Pad Tumor. The Surgery Journal, 5, e62-e64. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692996
[26]	Reiland, Y., Dumont, C.E., Bode-Lesniweska, B. and Exner, G.U. (2008) Extra-Articular En Bloc Resection of the Talocrural and the Talocalcaneonavicular Joints for Primary Synovial Tumour (Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma). Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 42, 211-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/02844310601140352
[27]	Martins Rocha, T., Costa, R., Barroso, J., Bernardo, A., Rodrigues, M., Meireles, C., Duarte, F., Vieira, A. and Alfonso, M. (2018) Intra-Articular Epitheloid Sarcoma of the Knee: A Diagnostic Challenge. Acta Reumatológica Portuguesa, 43, 151-153.
[28]	Khan, A.M., Cannon, S.R. and Levack, B. (2003) Primary Intraarticular Liposarcoma of the Knee. Case Report. Journal of Knee Surgery, 16, 107-109.
[29]	Levine, H.R., Tingle, E., Carter, B. and Dockery, D. (2013) Synovial Metastasis from Lung Cancer. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center), 26, 25-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2013.11928905
[30]	McConnell, M., Kumar, R., Amini, B., Lin, P.P. and Wang, W.L. (2017) Calcified Synovial Metastasis in the Knee Joint from Renal Cell Carcinoma. A Case Report. Skeletal Radiology, 46, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-016-2504-6
[31]	Stein, D., Cantion, M., MacKay, B. and Hoelscher, C. (2013) Cysts about the Knee: Evaluation and Management. Journal of the Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 21, 469-479. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-21-08-469
[32]	Treuflein, C., Bauerle, T., Nagel, A.M., Guermazi, A., Klever, A., Simon, D., Schett, G., Hepp, T., Uder, M. and Roemer, F. (2020) Comprehensive Assessment of Knee Joint Synovitis at 7 T MRI Using Contrast-Enhanced and Non-Enhanced Sequences. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21, 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-3122-y
[33]	Kato, H., Nishimoto, K., Yoshikawa, T., Kusuzaki, K. and Sudo, A. (2010) Tophaceous Pseudogout in the Knee Joint Mimicking a Soft-Tissue Tumour; a Case Report. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery, 18, 118-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/230949901001800127