Closed-cell aluminum foam was shot peened at different processing time (0 s, 5 s, 10 s, and 20 s), the intensity was the 0.12 mmA. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the reflections became weakened obviously with the shot peened time increased. Combined with Popa model and lognormal distribute model, the surface microstructure of closed-cell aluminum foam was inves-tigated by using the Rietveld whole pattern fitting analysis method. The results revealed that domain size and microstrain fluctuated along different reflection directions after shot peened, which attributed to the random and anisotropic deformation direction. With the shot peened processing time prolonged, a decrease in domain size and an increase in microstrain were also observed. Moreover, the corrosion behavior of closed-cell aluminum foam was studied by weight-loss test. The results indicated that corrosion properties of specimen subjected to shot peened processing was better than the unpeened specimens.