Author(s)

Joseph Obiezu Chukwujekwu Ezeonwumelu^1,2,3,10*, Muhammad Ntale⁴, Steve Okwudili Ogbonnia⁵, Ezera Agwu^6,12, Julius Kihdze Tanayen^3,7, Keneth Iceland Kasozi⁸, Chukwudi Onyeka Okonkwo⁹, Anthonia Shodunke², Ambrose Amamchukwu Akunne^2,10, Onokiojare Ephraim Dafiewhare¹⁰, Jennifer Chibuogwu Ebosie^2,10, Frederick Byarugaba¹¹

¹Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
²Department of Clinical and Biopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka, Uganda.
³Kampala International University Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research (KIUCAMRES) Group, Ishaka, Uganda.
⁴Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
⁵Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
⁶Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka, Uganda.
⁷Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
⁸Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Ishaka, Uganda.
⁹Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.
¹⁰Department of Public Health, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Bishop Stuart University, Mbarara, Uganda.
¹¹Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
¹²Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kabale, Kabale, Uganda.

The objective of the study was to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Bidens pilosa Aqueous (BPA), Bidens pilosa Ethanolic (BPE), Ageratum conyzoides Aqueous (ACA), Ageratum conyzoides Ethanolic (ACE), Ocimum suave Aqueous (OSA) and Ocimum suave Ethanolic (OSE) extracts on HIV/AIDS patients’ oral bacteria. Healthy green leaves of the plants were collected in Ishaka Uganda, processed and portions separately extracted with hot distilled water and cold ethanol. The susceptibility, MIC and MBC of each extract were determined using standard protocols. The bacteria had significant (p < 0.05) respective total susceptibilities of 35 [28.7%] to BPA; 42 [34.4%] to BPE; 61 [50.0%] to ACA; 45 [36.9%] to ACE; 38 [31.1%] to OSA; 32 [26.3%] to OSE; 105 (86.0%)] to ceftriaxone. BPE, ACA, OSA, OSE and ceftriaxone had significant MIC with [F(1, 13); P = 0.00 and BPA with F(1, 13); P = 0.03]. BPE, ACA, ACE, OSA and ceftriaxone had significant MBC with [F(1, 13); P = 0.00 and BPA with F(1, 13); P = 0.01] on the test bacteria (MANOVA). These tested medicinal plants’ extracts and ceftriaxone had significant activity against oral bacteria with ACA having the best activity when compared with the control. However, the plants’ extracts were resisted by some of the bacteria. These findings validate the claims of efficacy of Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides and Ocimum suave on oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients made by traditional healers and local people in South-Western Uganda. We recommend a detailed study of structural identities and activities of the active antibacterial principle(s) in these plants for possible new drug entities and verification of the interactive effects of the principle(s) with ARVs and cotrimoxazole used daily by HIV/AIDS patients.

Antibacterial Efficacy, Bidens Pilosa, Ageratum Conyzoides, Ocimum Suave, Oral Bacteria, HIV/AIDS, Uganda

Chukwujekwu Ezeonwumelu, J. , Ntale, M. , Ogbonnia, S. , Agwu, E. , Kihdze Tanayen, J. , Iceland Kasozi, K. , Onyeka Okonkwo, C. , Shodunke, A. , Amamchukwu Akunne, A. , Ephraim Dafiewhare, O. , Chibuogwu Ebosie, J. and Byarugaba, F. (2017) In vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides and Ocimum suave Extracts against HIV/AIDS Patients’ Oral Bacteria in South-Western Uganda. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 8, 306-323. doi: 10.4236/pp.2017.89023.