Author(s)

Espen Gaarder Haug¹, Eugene Terry Tatum²

¹Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway and Tempus Gravitational Laboratory, Ås, Norway.
²Tempus Gravitational Laboratory, Ås, Norway.

Haug and Tatum have developed a cosmological model which links the CMB temperature, the Hubble parameter, cosmological redshift, and the Planck length in a manner fully consistent with general relativity and the Stefan-Boltzmann law. This means that one can easily extract the Planck length from observed cosmological redshifts. We demonstrate this by extracting the current NIST CODATA Planck length from the Union2 supernova database using the observed redshifts from all 580 type Ia supernovae. Our new mathematical approach places tight constraints on a Hubble constant extracted from supernovae in a manner that appears to resolve the Hubble tension. Importantly, our linear expansion model offers a near-perfect match using these astronomical observations without necessitating the expansion of space beyond the speed of light $c$ or the introduction of an accelerating dark energy. We believe that this approach strongly favors growing black hole $R_H=ct$ cosmological models over the Λ-CDM model.

Hubble Tension, Planck Length, Hubble Constant, CMB, Cosmological Redshift, Upsilon Constant, General Relativity, Cosmological Models

Haug, E. and Tatum, E. (2025) Finding the Planck Length from the Union2 Supernova Database in a Way That Appears to Resolve the Hubble Tension. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 13, 2063-2089. doi: 10.4236/jamp.2025.136115.