Author(s)

Reza Hashemian

Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, USA.

The reciprocity to include active circuits is quite new. This article intends to generalize the subject of covering active circuits with all kinds of dependent sources and I/O ports. First, we start by specifying how this reciprocity responds with a variety of component representations, for example, impedances and admittances. The purpose is to construct a reciprocal for any active circuit so that it produces the same transfer function when the input and output ports are swapped. There is no limit on the number of output ports in this development, but for multiple input ports, this reciprocity works only when the input sources are related. This presentation does not address general multi-ports cases, however. One way to deal with the issue is to consider I/Os pair by pair and then use superposition to manage the combinations.

Admittance Method, Analog Circuits, Nullors and Nullor Circuits, Sum of Tree Products, Reciprocity, Transfer Functions

Hashemian, R. (2025) Extended Reciprocity to Include Active Circuits. Applied Mathematics, 16, 293-320. doi: 10.4236/am.2025.164015.