Author(s)

Ti-Pei Li^1,2,3

¹Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
²Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
³School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.

In the dark-energy-matter coupled neutral universe model (DEMC), the universe was generated by inflation of a limited region in an infinite gravitationally neutral static vacuum ocean. The inflation was driven by a phase transition in a limited vacuum region which made the repulsive field in this region dominant, and the net repulsive interaction drove the vacuum to be inflation. At the end of the inflation, the universe returned to the state of attraction-repulsion equilibrium, and began to be uniform, isotropic and inertial expansion. The age of the expanding universe is ~28 billion years. The observed anisotropies in cosmic microwave background (CMB) mostly come from a phase transition of the expanding cosmic vacuum at ~14 billion years earlier while the cosmic redshift $z~1$ . Observations of CMB and early celestial objects show that about 25 billion years ago at $z~10$ another cosmic phase transition occurred. Quite a lot of difficult problems which challenge the standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM), such as mature galaxies and black holes in early universe, Hubble tension, cosmological constant problem, large-scale anomaly etc. can be explained in DEMC.

Cosmic Vacuum, Expanding Universe, Age of the Universe, Hubble Tension

Li, T. (2025) Beyond ΛCDM: The Dark-Energy-Matter Coupled Model. Journal of Modern Physics, 16, 347-361. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2025.163019.