Author(s)

Mary Lum Fonteh Niba^1*, Theophile Fonkou², Cornelius Mbifung Lambi³

¹Department of Geography, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon.
²Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
³Department of Geography, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.

The study analysed the spatial and temporal contamination levels of fresh water resources by saline intrusion in the Douala coastal area. Water samples were collected from 19 stations. 3 stations were selected from the mangrove area and 16 stations were selected from the rest of the area partitioned into four transects (coastal transect, inner transect 1, inner transect 2 and inner transect 3). Sampling was done repeatedly during the wet and dry seasons. They were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters according to the American Public Health Association methods. Geostatistical analysis was used in mapping the water properties. Considerable levels of actual electrical conductivity values (208.91 to 660.63 and 45 to 7540 μS/cm for the wet and dry seasons, respectively); calcium (0.06 to 85 and 4 to 256 mg/L for the wet and dry seasons, respectively); sulphate (0 to 103 and 0 to 99 mg/L for the wet and dry seasons) and total dissolved solids (15.79 to 1467 and 20 to 3750 mg/L for the wet and dry seasons, respectively) were observed for ground water in the study area based on spatio-temporal assessment. From the output grid, it could be deduced that the south eastern region had a hint of salt water intrusion (SWI) contamination of fresh water resources with actual value highs of electrical conductivity (1790 and 820 μS/cm) for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Calcium highs (140 and 16 mg/L) for the dry and wet seasons were obtained at the central part of the study area. The spatial distribution of calcium highs extends from the central zone of the study area in the dry season and the south eastern zone in the wet season. The southern region is more vulnerable to contamination by calcium ions during this season. An up to date scope for surveillance monitoring and forecasting regarding the deterioration of coastal aquifers is recommended. Modelling of aquifers shifts for the coastal zone should be instituted as a means of ensuring efficient fresh water resources evaluation and utilization. An indepth study of the geochemical characteristics of ground water of the coastal zone could determine factors that most significantly impact on fresh water resource quality.

Spatio-Temporal, Assessment, Fresh Water Resources, Water Quality, Geostatistics, Douala IV Municipality, Cameroon

Niba, M. , Fonkou, T. and Lambi, C. (2019) Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Water Quality in Douala IV Municipality, Cameroon. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 11, 1441-1461. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2019.1112084.