Author(s)

Maurice Eghosa Imiuwa¹, Abraham Ogheneruemu Ekperusi²

¹Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
²Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Faculty of Marine Environmental Management, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria.

The developmental and reproductive effects of endocrine disruption on humans and wildlife rank among the most threatening of all environmental health concerns. Particularly vulnerable to chemical assaults are the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis of the endocrine system. While the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on the HPG axis have been the subject of intense research efforts, with comprehensive elucidation, a lot remains to be clarified on the effects of EDCs on thyroid functions. For instance, there are no clear-cut biomarkers of exposure and effects of thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs) in intact organisms. Consequently, a number of in vitro assays have been developed, and are particularly useful for the identification and mechanistic characterization of potential TDCs considering the increasing number of EDCs that are being released into the environment. However, with the in vitro assays, studies suggest that a plausible major mode of action of TDCs, thyroid hormone receptor (THR) agonist activity, is not environmentally relevant. Here, we reviewed in vitro detection of TDCs activities in wastewater and surface waters. Data strongly suggest that cell lines may be responsible for the less frequent detection of THR agonist activity in wastewater and surface water. It was concluded that the development of reporter gene assays with thyroid hormone function related cell lines, is required.

Thyroid Disruption, Thyroid Activities in Wastewater and Surface Water, Thyroid Receptor Agonist Activity, In Vitro Analysis, Reporter Gene Assays

Imiuwa, M. and Ekperusi, A. (2019) Thyroid Disrupting Activities in Wastewater and Surface Waters: A Review of Their in Vitro Analyses. Journal of Environmental Protection, 10, 1131-1143. doi: 10.4236/jep.2019.109067.