Author(s)

Margaret L. Shirley, Alison Venable, Raj R. Rao, Nolan L. Boyd, Steven L. Stice, David Puett, Prema Narayan

Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, USA.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can be induced to differentiate to trophoblast by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and by aggregation to form embryoid bodies (EB), but there are many differences and controversies regarding the nature of the differentiated cells. Our goals herein were to determine if BG02 cells form trophoblast-like cells (a) in the presence of BMP4-plus-basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and (b) upon EB formation, and (c) whether the BMP4 antagonist noggin elicits direct effects on gene expression and hormone production in the cells. Transcriptome profiling of hESC incubated with BMP4/FGF-2 showed a down-regulation of pluripotency-associated genes, an up-regulation of trophoblast-associated genes, and either a down-regulation or no change in gene expression for many markers of the three embryonic germ layers. Yet, there was up-regulation of several genes associated with mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm, strongly suggesting that differentiation to trophoblast-like cells under the conditions used does not yield a homogeneous cell type. Several genes, heretofore unreported, were identified that are altered in hESC in response to BMP4-mediated differentiation. The production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and estradiol in the differentiated cells confirmed that trophoblast-like cells were obtained. Gene expression by EB was characterized by an up-regulation of a number of genes associated with trophoblast, ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, and the production of hCG and progesterone confirmed that trophoblast-like cells were formed. These results suggest that, in the presence of FGF-2, BG02 cells respond to BMP4 to yield trophoblast-like cells, which are also obtained upon EB formation. Thus, BMP4-mediated differentiation of hESC represents a viable cell system for studying early developmental events post-implantation; however, up-regulation of non-trophoblast genes suggests a somewhat diverse response to BMP4/FGF-2. Noggin altered the transcription of a limited number of genes but, not surprisingly, did not lead to secretion of hormones.

Human Embryonic Stem Cells; Trophoblasts; Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4; Embryoid Bodies; Noggin

L. Shirley, M. , Venable, A. , R. Rao, R. , L. Boyd, N. , L. Stice, S. , Puett, D. and Narayan, P. (2012) Bone morphogenetic protein-4 affects both trophoblast and non-trophoblast lineage-associated gene expression in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Discovery, 2, 163-175. doi: 10.4236/scd.2012.24021.