Author(s)

Nasrat Adamo¹, Nadhir Al-Ansari², Varoujan Sissakian³, Khalid Jehad Fahmi⁴, Salwan Ali Abed⁵

¹Stockholm, Sweden.
²Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden.
³Management Department, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq.
⁴Consulting Engineering Seismologist, SeisEng International, Toronto, Canada.
⁵College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq.

Climate change impacts on Earth’s atmosphere have caused drastic changes in the environment of most regions of the world. The Middle East region ranks among the worst affected of these regions. This has taken forms of increasing atmospheric temperatures, intensive heat waves, decreased and erratic precipitation and general decline in water resources; all leading to frequent and longer droughts, desertification and giving rise to intensive and recurrent (SDS). The present conditions have led to increasing emissions of (GHG) in the earth atmosphere. All future projections especially those using (IPCC) models and emission scenarios indicate that the Middle East will undergo appreciable decrease in winter precipitation with increasing temperature until the end of this century both of which are inductive to increased dryness and desertification. Iraq as one of the countries of this region and due to its geographical location, its dependence mostly on surface water resources originating from neighboring countries, long years of neglect and bad land management put it in the most precarious and unstable position among the other countries of the region. Modelling studies have shown that Iraq is suffering now from excessive dryness and droughts, increasing loss of vegetation cover areas, increasing encroachment of sand dunes on agricultural lands, in addition to severe and frequent (SDS). These negative repercussions and their mitigations require solutions not on the local level alone but collective cooperation and work from all the countries of the region.

Climate Change, East Mediterranean Region, Aridity Indices, Droughts, Desertification, Sand and Dust Storms (SDS), Green House Gases (GHG), Intergovermental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)

Adamo, N. , Al-Ansari, N. , Sissakian, V. , Fahmi, K. and Abed, S. (2022) Climate Change: Droughts and Increasing Desertification in the Middle East, with Special Reference to Iraq. Engineering, 14, 235-273. doi: 10.4236/eng.2022.147021.