Author(s)

Saeed Y. Al Ramadan¹, Kazem T. Al-Mohammed Salem², Ibrahim H. Alshubaith³, Ahmed M. Al-Ali⁴, Salah Abohelaika⁵, Mohammed S. Moqbel¹, Ahmed M. Alluwaimi⁶

¹Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia.
²Animal Resources Management, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia.
³Environmental Health Department, Al-Ahsaa Municipality, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
⁴Central Biotechnology Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia.
⁵Clinical Pharmacology Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia.
⁶Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia.

The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV; brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and peyer’s patches have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as LPAM-I, MAdCAM-1 and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel in comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.

Camel, CX3CR1, Heavy Chain Antibody, MERS-CoV, Peyer’s Patches

Al Ramadan, S. , Al-Mohammed Salem, K. , Alshubaith, I. , Al-Ali, A. , Abohelaika, S. , Moqbel, M. and Alluwaimi, A. (2021) Selected Aspects of Camel Immune System and Immune Responses. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 11, 177-211. doi: 10.4236/ojvm.2021.116013.