Author(s)

Michele Totaro¹, Erica De Vita¹, Serena Giorgi¹, Sara Profeti¹, Andrea Porretta¹, Antonio Gallo², Lorenzo Frendo¹, Beatrice Casini¹, Paola Valentini¹, Gaetano Privitera¹, Angelo Baggiani¹

¹Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
²Division of Public Health and Nutrition, Area of Pisa, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Pisa, Italy.

Worldwide epidemiological reports assert that drinking water is a source for infections and Legionella control represents a critical issue in healthcare settings. Chemical disinfections of water networks are control measures that need to be fine-tuned to obtain satisfactory results in large buildings over prolonged time periods. Aim of study is the evaluation of the effect of anolyte and chlorine dioxide, applied in two different hot water networks of a nursing home to manage Legionella risk. Nursing home has two buildings (A and B), with the same point of aqueduct water entrance. From June 2016, following a shock chlorination, the continuous disinfections with chlorine dioxide and anolyte were applied in hot networks of building A and B, respectively. Hot water was sampled at the central heating system and at two points of use for Legionella research, while chemical tests of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and trihalomethanes compounds (THM) were implemented to evaluate the disinfection by-products presence. Before chlorination Legionella pneumophila sg1 was recovered with a mean count of 2.4 × 10⁴ CFU/L, while chemical compounds concentrations were within the law limits (Directive 98/83/EC). Then the disinfections Legionella was not recovered in both hot water plants. After the disinfection with chlorine dioxide (from June 2016 to May 2018), a statistically significant increase of iron, zinc and THM concentrations was detected in building A (p = 0.012; p = 0.004; p = 0.008). Both disinfectants appear effective against Legionella spp. growth in water network, but anolyte ensures a lower disinfection by-products release.

Legionella, Anolyte, Chlorine Dioxide, Hot Water Disinfection

Totaro, M. , Vita, E. , Giorgi, S. , Profeti, S. , Porretta, A. , Gallo, A. , Frendo, L. , Casini, B. , Valentini, P. , Privitera, G. and Baggiani, A. (2019) Comparison of Anolyte and Chlorine Dioxide for a Continuous Hot Water Disinfection in Nursing Home: A Two Years Legionnaires’ Disease Prevention. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 11, 233-243. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2019.113014.