Adult Cleft Lip Repair under Local Anaesthesia: The Ghana Experience ()
1. Background
Cleft lip and palate is among the most common congenital malformations with com- plex multifactorial etiology including both genetic and environmental factors [1] . Although numerous techniques and protocols are employed in the repair of this condition, the surgical literature is consistent in recommending early repair, typically completing primary repair of the lip and palate by the age of two years [2] . A com- monly accepted protocol in many centers and surgical textbooks is the use of the Rule of 10 s. The minimum age should be 10 weeks, the weight at least 10 lb and have at least an Hb of 10 g/dl. Cheiloplasty is then followed by primary palatoplasty at nine months and over before development of speech [1] - [4] .
It is well known that timely closure of a palatal defect is associated with improved speech outcome [3] , and late closure of the palate has been clearly demonstrated to give a poor outcome [4] . In addition, delayed repair of the cleft can lead to impaired family and societal relationships with potential long-term psychological effects on the child [5] . In contrast to developed countries where adult primary cleft lip and palate cases are barely nonexistent, developing countries still have a backlog of adults with unrepaired cleft lip and palate. Patients often present to the surgeon far past the optimal time for closure of the cleft deformities [2] [3] . The potential reasons for this are many, inclu- ding distance to health facility, limited access to specialized health care, lack of aware- ness of treatment availability, cultural beliefs, superstition, and lack of money or time [2] [3] [6] [7] .
Developing countries often lack the equipment and personnel to provide general anaesthesia for all patients. Secondly, general anaesthesia is expensive, and more time and personnel are required, therefore a safe technique for repair under local anaesthesia would be useful. In this review, we present our experience with adult cleft lip repair under local anesthesia (LA) alone without intravenous (IV) sedation.
2. Patients and Method
An IRB approved retrospective review of adolescent/adult primary and secondary cleft lip repair under LA at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Ghana.
Patients, who underwent repair using only LA between January 2012 and December 2015 were included.
This technique was used on consenting adolescents and adults aged 13 years or more with microform, unilateral or bilateral unrepaired left lip or requiring a revision of a previous repair, and had the ability to understand and tolerate the procedure under LA alone.
Bilateral infraorbital nerve block was done for those with complete cleft in addition to local infiltration. All patients were assessed clinically and the procedure was explained to the patients and/or legal guardian for informed consent. Consent for patients below 18 years was obtained from both the legal guardian and the patient.
Patients who were not medically fit or were unable to tolerate the procedure while awake were excluded. Demographic information and outcome data were collected including average time to achieve anaesthesia, surgical time, and day of discharge.
2.1. Protocol
Patients were counselled and procedure explained to them in their comfortable dialect. On the operating table patient was informed on introduction of the needle for injection of LA and first incision. Constant communication was kept with patients to assure them about the progress of the surgery. This helped to minimize anxiety.
2.2. Anaesthesia
Local infiltration without nerve block was used for those with microform and incomplete cleft lip without significant nasal deformity. LA containing 2% lidocaine with adrenaline 1:80,000 was infiltrated into the non-cleft, cleft sides of the lip and the base of the ala of the nose after marking the aesthetic points and units. LA cartridge with 1.8 mls of 2% lidocain with adrenaline 1:80,000 contains 36 mg of lidocaine and 22.5 micrograms of adrenaline, with duration of action being between 140 and 240 minutes.
Infraorbital nerve block coupled with local infiltration was used for those with complete cleft, severe nasal deformity and bilateral nerve block for those with bilateral cleft lip.
2.3. Surgical technique
Modified Millard’s, Mohler’s and Tennison’s triangular techniques were used depending on surgeons preference. All the patients tolerated the procedure so well, and there was no complication recorded or patient complaining of pain in the middle of the procedure.
All the patients were discharge home the same day except five who were kept overnight for distance from home and lack of means transport.
3. Results
Fifty six (56) adolescents and adults were seen. Thirty five (62%) females and Twenty one (38%) were males. Forty two (75%) of the patients presented with unilateral cleft lip of which only six (14.3%) were complete; Four (7%) were bilateral cleft lip and ten (18%) required lip revisions. The mean age was 24.32 years and ranged from 13 years (two patients) to 66 years (one patient). The mean weight was 54 kg. The mean time to achieve anaesthesia was 12.94 and mean duration of surgery was 56.52 minutes. Majority of the patients were discharged same day except for five who needed to stay overnight because of distance from their home. There were no reported early postoperative complications and wound healing was uneventful for all the patients (Figures 1-4).
4. Discussion
Unlike developed countries, where adult cleft lip is virtually non-existent, Ghana and other developing countries still have a backlog of adolescent and adult cleft lip and/or palate.
The potential reasons for late reporting in Ghana may not be different from what is reported from other neighbouring and developing countries. These include distance to health care, limited access to specialized health care, unavailability of health care services, lack of awareness of treatment availability, cultural beliefs, superstition, and lack of money or time [5] - [9] .
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Figure 1. Type of cleft: LR (Lip Revision), BCL (Bilateral Cleft Lip), UCCL (Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip), UICL (Unilateral Incomplete Cleft Lip).
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Figure 2. Before and after picture a thirteen-year-old boy with incomplete cleft lip and alveolus.
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Figure 3. Before and after picture a twenty-five-year-old lady with an incomplete lip with Simonart band.
In our centre majority of patients with primary cleft lip and palate are below the age of one year and are referred soon after birth from other hospitals and maternity homes.
In this review 33 adolescents and adults were identified. Ninety percent (90%) of them were seen during cleft surgery outreach visits to other regions in Ghana where specialist services are lacking. A few of the patients were brought to our centre by benevolent NGOs and our visitation team from rural areas.
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Figure 4. Before and after picture of fifty-five-year-old woman with complete cleft lip and alveolus.
This procedure has been used and still being used by many centres in Africa, other developing countries and missionary teams, and we agree with previous reports that this procedure is safe, effective and inexpensive [9] - [11] . We believe it might even be a better option in terms of cost for adult patients (if any) even in developed countries. We believe that this technique can be improved to be more comfortable and better tolerated by patients.
5. Conclusion
Cleft lip repair in adults under local anaesthesia is safe, effective and inexpensive. A modification in technique with minimal dissection and efficiency may, however, be essential to reduce any discomfort.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Multidisciplinary cleft team of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital and the Ghana Cleft Foundation for their commitment to free cleft surgery outreach to deprived regions in Ghana, the source of a greater percentage of the data for this study.