Nanorobot Drug Delivery System for Curcumin for Enhanced Bioavailability during Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Kal Renganathan Sharma

Advanced Technology, Lone Star College, Houston, USA.

DOI: 10.4236/jeas.2013.31004                

Abstract

Robotics has emerged as a collegiate course about 20 years ago at Stanford University, Stanford, CA. From the first IRB6, the electrically powered robot in 1974, the industry has grown over a 30-year period. A leading supplier of robots has put out over 100,000 robots by year 2001. Robot capable of handling 500 kg load was introduced in 2001, IRB 7000. A number of advances have been made in nanostructuring. About 40 different nanostructuring methods were reviewed recently [1]. Nanobots can be developed that effect cures of disorders that are difficult to treat. Principles from photodynamic therapy, fullerene chemistry, nanostructuring, X-rays, computers, pharmacokinetics and robotics are applied in a design of nanorobot for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The curcuma longa that has shown curative effects in rats’ brain with Alzheimer’s is complexed with fullerenes. The drug is inactive when caged. It is infused intrathecally into the cerebrospinal system. Irradiation of the hypothalamous and other areas of the brain where Alzheimer’s disease is prevalent lead to breakage of fullerenes and availability of the drug with the diseased cells. Due to better mass transfer, better cure is affected. The other plausible reactions such as addition polymerization of fullerene, polycurcumin formation and other hydrolysis reactions are modeled along with the drug action under the Denbigh scheme of reactions. The fractional yield of drug-curcumin interaction is a function of intensity of radiation, frequency of radiation, patient demographics, age, gender, and other disorders etc. Chromophore in curcumin is used as a sensor and computer imaging and feedback control design can result in more bioavailability for curcumin therapeutic action to cure Alzheimer’s disease. This study examines the principles used in the design, the strategy of the design of the nanorobot drug delivery system with a specific target and pharamacokinetic formulation of the associated competing parallel reactions. The burrow and link capabilities at a nanoscopic level are also available if needed.

Keywords

Nanorobot; Alzheimer’s Disease; Curcuma Longa; Photodynamic Therapy; Intrathecal Infusion; Denbigh Reaction Scheme

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	J. J. Craig, “Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control,” 3rd Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 2005.
[2]	D. Sawyer and R. Besser, ABC World News, 20 December 2012.
[3]	http://labintsis.com/roboti/abb-roboti/?lang=en&output=json
[4]	K. R. Sharma, “Nanostructuing of Nanorobots for Use in Nanomedicine,” International Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2012, pp. 116-134. http://ietjournals.org/archive/2012/feb_vol_2_no_2/6686111325866989.pdf
[5]	K. R. Sharma, “Nanostructuring Operations in Nanoscale Science and Engineering,” McGraw Hill Professional, New York, 2010.
[6]	A. Ummat, A. Dubey and C. Mavroidis, “Bionanorobotcs: A Field Inspired by Nature,” In: Y. Bar-Cohen, Ed., Invited Chapter in CRC Handbook on Biomimetics: Mimicking and Inspiration of Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2004.
[7]	N. A. Weir, D. P. Sierra and J. F. Jones, “A Review of Research in the Field of Nanorobotics,” Sandia Report, SAND2005-6808, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, 2005.
[8]	A. A. G. Requicha, “Nanorobots, NEMS, and Nanoassembly,” Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue on Nanoelectronics and Nanoprocessing, Vol. 91, No. 11, 2003, pp. 1922-1933.
[9]	S. Shishodia, G. Sethi and B. G. Aggarwal, “Getting Back to the Roots,” Annals of the New York Academy Sciences, Vol. 1056, 2005, pp. 206-217.
[10]	R. A. Frietas Jr., “Nanomedicine, Vol. I: Basic Capabilities,” Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, 1999.
[11]	K. Ishiyama, M. Sendoh and K. I. Arai, “Magnetic Micromachines for Medical Applications,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 242-245, 2002, pp. 1163-1165. doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(01)01293-8
[12]	J. B. Mathieu, S. Martel, L. Yahia, G. Soulez and G. Beaudoin, “MRI Systems as a Mean of Propulsion for a Microdevice in Blood Vessels,” Proceedings of 25th Annual International Conference, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Cancun, 17-21 September 2003.
[13]	V. Klocke, “Nanrobot Module, Automation and Exchange,” US Patent 2010/0140473 A1, 2010.
[14]	B. C. Regan, A. K. Zettl and S. Aloni, “Nanocrystal Powered Nanomotor,” US Patent 7863798 B2, 2011.
[15]	D. V. Dimitrov, X. Peng, S. S. Xue and D. Wang, “Spin Oscillatory Device,” US Patent 7589600 B2, Seagate Technology, LLC, 2009.
[16]	W. Seifert, L. I. Samuelson, B. J. Ohlsson and L. M. Borgstrom, “Directionally Controlled Growth of Nanowhiskers,” US Patent 7911035 B2, 2011.
[17]	K. R. Sharma, “Nanorobot Drug Delivery System for Cicumin for Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease with Increased Bioavailability during Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease,” 68th Southwest Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, SWRMACS, Baton, Rouge, October-November 2012.
[18]	W. Neuberger, “Device and Method for Photoactivated Drug Therapy,” US Patent 6397102, CeramOptec Industries, Longmeadow, 2002.
[19]	K. R. Sharma, “Damped Wave Transport and Relaxation,” Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005.
[20]	R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart and E. N. Lightfoot, “Transport Phenomena,” 2nd Edition, John Wiley, Hoboken, 2007.
[21]	O. Levenspiel, “Chemical Reaction Engineering,” John Wiley, Hoboken, 1999.
[22]	H. S. Mickley, T. S. Sherwood and C. E. Reed, “Applied Mathematical Methods in Chemical Engineering,” McGraw Hill Professional, New York, 1957.
[23]	A. Varma and M. Morbidelli, “Mathematical Methods in Chemical Engineering,” Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997.