[1]
|
Hepatitis Foundation International (2012) Hepatitis B. http://www.hepfi.org/pdfs/Hepatitis/Hepatitis_B-2012.pdf
|
[2]
|
Hepatitis B Foundation (2012) Statistics.
http://www.hepb.org/hepb/statistics.htm.
|
[3]
|
Carey, W.D. (2009) The prevalence and natural history of hepatitis B in the 21st century. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 76, S2-S5. doi:10.3949/ccjm.76.s3.01
|
[4]
|
Liang, T.J. (2009) Hepatitis B: The virus and disease. Hepatology, 49, S13-S21. doi:10.1002/hep.22881
|
[5]
|
Lok, A.S. and McMahon, B.J. (2009) Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 50, 1-36. doi:10.1002/hep.23190
|
[6]
|
Bosch, F.X., Ribes, J., Cléries, R. and Diaz, M. (2005) Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinics in Liver Disease, 9, 191-211. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2004.12.009
|
[7]
|
Shepherd, J., Gospodarevskaya, E., Frampton, G. and Cooper, K. (2009) Entecavir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. Health Technology Assessment, 13, 31-36.
|
[8]
|
de Jongh, F.E., Janssen, H.L., de Man, R.A., Hop, W.C., Schalm, S.W. and van Blankenstein, M. (1992) Survival and prognostic indicators in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive cirrhosis of the liver. Gastroenterology, 103, 1630-1635.
|
[9]
|
European Association for the Study of the Liver (2009) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Hepatology, 50, 227-242.
doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.10.001
|
[10]
|
Keeffe, E.B., Dieterich, D.T., Han, S.H., et al. (2008) A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2008 update. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6, 1315-1341.
doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.08.021
|
[11]
|
Chang, T.T., Gish, R.G., de Man, R., et al. (2006) A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 1001-1010. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa051285
|
[12]
|
Chang, T.T., Gish, R.G., Hadziyannis, S.J., et al. (2005) A dose-ranging study of the efficacy and tolerability of entecavir in lamivudine-refractory chronic hepatitis B patients. Gastroenterology, 129, 1198-1209.
doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.055
|
[13]
|
Chang, T.T., Liaw, Y.F., Wu, S.S., et al. (2010) Long-term entecavir therapy results in the reversal of fibrosis/cirrhosis and continued histological improvement in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 52, 886-893. doi:10.1002/hep.23785
|
[14]
|
Gonzalez, S.A. and Keeffe, E.B. (2009) Entecavir for the long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 7, 1053-1062.
doi:10.1586/eri.09.75
|
[15]
|
Lai, C.L., Shouval, D., Lok, A.S., et al. (2006) Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 1011-1020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa051287
|
[16]
|
Schiff, E., Simsek, H., Lee, W.M., et al. (2008) Efficacy and safety of entecavir in patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 103, 2776-2783.
doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02086.x
|
[17]
|
Sherman, M., Yurdaydin, C., Sollano, J., et al. (2006) Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAgpositive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology, 130, 2039-2049. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.007
|
[18]
|
Tenney, D.J., Rose, R.E., Baldick, C.J., et al. (2009) Long-term monitoring shows hepatitis B virus resistance to entecavir in nucleoside-na?ve patients is rare through 5 years of therapy. Hepatology, 49, 1503-1514.
doi:10.1002/hep.22841
|
[19]
|
Yao, G., Chen, C., Lu, W., et al. (2007) Efficacy and safety of entecavir compared to lamivudine in nucleoside-na?ve patients with chronic hepatitis B: A randomized double-blind trial in China. Hepatology International, 1, 365-372. doi:10.1007/s12072-007-9009-2
|
[20]
|
Pess?a, M.G., Gazzard, B., Huang, A.K., et al. (2008) Efficacy and safety of entecavir for chronic HBV in HIV/ HBV coinfected patients receiving lamivudine as part of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 22, 1779-1787.
doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830b3ab5
|
[21]
|
Baraclude (package insert) (2010) Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton.
|
[22]
|
Liaw, Y.F., Raptopoulou-Gigi, M., Cheinquer, H., et al. (2011) Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic decompensation: A randomized, open-label study. Hepatology, 54, 91-100.
doi:10.1002/hep.24361
|
[23]
|
Lampertico, P., Del Ninno, E., Manzin, A., et al. (1997) A randomized, controlled trial of a 24-month course of interferon alfa 2b in patients with chronic hepatitis B who had hepatitis B virus DNA without hepatitis B e antigen in serum. Hepatology, 26, 1621-1625.
doi:10.1002/hep.510260634
|
[24]
|
INTRON A (package insert) (2011) Merck & Co. Inc., Whitehouse Station.
|
[25]
|
Lee, T.A., Veenstra, D.L., Iloeje, U.H. and Sullivan, S.D. (2004) Cost of chronic hepatitis B infection in the United States. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 38, S144-S147. doi:10.1097/00004836-200411003-00005
|
[26]
|
Lau, G.K., Piratvisuth, T., Luo, K.X., et al. (2005) Peginterferon alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 2682-2695.
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043470
|
[27]
|
Lai, C.L., Chien, R.N., Leung, N.W., et al. (1998) A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine, 339, 61-68.
doi:10.1056/NEJM199807093390201
|
[28]
|
Lai, C.L., Gane, E., Liaw, Y.F., et al. (2007) Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 2576-2588.
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066422
|
[29]
|
Marcellin, P., Chang, T.T., Lim, S.G., et al. (2003) Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 808-816. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020681
|
[30]
|
Marcellin, P., Heathcote, E.J., Buti, M., et al. (2008) Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2442-2455.
|
[31]
|
Hadziyannis, S.J., Tassopoulos, N.C., Heathcote, E.J., et al. (2003) Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 800-807.
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021812
|
[32]
|
Kaymakoglu, S., Oguz, D., Gur, G., et al. (2007) Pegylated interferon alfa-2b monotherapy and pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus lamivudine combination therapy for patients with hepatitis B virus e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51, 3020-3022. doi:10.1128/AAC.00088-07
|
[33]
|
Marcellin, P., Lau, G.K., Bonino, F., et al. (2004) Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 1206-1217. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040431
|
[34]
|
Liaw, Y.F. (2001) Impact of YMDD mutations during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy, 12, 67-71.
|
[35]
|
Mutimer, D. (2001) Hepatitis B virus infection: Resistance to antiviral agents. Journal of Clinical Virology, 21, 239-242. doi:10.1016/S1386-6532(00)00166-9
|
[36]
|
Benhamou, Y., Bochet, M., Thibault, V., et al. (1999) Long-term incidence of hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Hepatology, 30, 1302-1306.
doi:10.1002/hep.510300525
|
[37]
|
Fontana, R.J. (2010) Entecavir in decompensated HBV cirrhosis: The future is looking brighter. Journal of Hepatology, 52, 147-149. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.025
|
[38]
|
Shim, J.H., Lee, H.C., Kim, K.M., et al. (2010) Efficacy of entecavir in treatment-na?ve patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology, 52, 176-182. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.11.007
|
[39]
|
Zoulim, F., Radenne, S. and Ducerf, C. (2008) Management of patients with decompensated hepatitis B virus associated cirrhosis. Liver Transplantation, 14, S1-S7.
doi:10.1002/lt.21615
|
[40]
|
Yan, J.H., Bifano, M., Olsen, S., et al. (2006) Entecavir pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability after multiple ascending doses in healthy subjects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 46, 1250-1258.
doi:10.1177/0091270006293304
|
[41]
|
Liaw, Y.F., Sheen, I.S., Lee, C.M., et al. (2011) Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine/TDF, and entecavir in patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B liver disease. Hepatology, 53, 62-72.
doi:10.1002/hep.23952
|
[42]
|
Tsai, N., Liaw, Y.F., Raptopoulou-Gigi, M., et al. (2010) Risk and predictors of mortality or hepatocellular carcinoma among entecaviror adefovir-treated chronic hepatitis B patients with evidence of hepatic decompensation. Gastroenterology, 138, S-831.
doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(10)63831-0
|
[43]
|
Scott, L.J. and Keating, G.M. (2009) Entecavir: a review of its use in chronic hepatitis B. Drugs, 69, 1003-1033.
doi:10.2165/00003495-200969080-00005
|
[44]
|
Leung, N., Peng, C.Y., Hann, H.W., et al. (2009) Early hepatitis B virus DNA reduction in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B: A randomized international study of entecavir versus adefovir. Hepatology, 49, 72-79. doi:10.1002/hep.22658
|
[45]
|
Chevaliez, S. and Pawlotsky, J.M. (2008) Diagnosis and management of chronic viral hepatitis: Antigens, antibodies and viral genomes. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology, 22, 1031-1048.
doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2008.11.004
|
[46]
|
Gish, R.G., Chang, T.T., Lai, C.L., et al. (2010) Loss of HBsAg antigen during treatment with entecavir or lamivudine in nucleoside-naive HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 17, 16-22.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01146.x
|
[47]
|
Salmon-Ceron, D., Lewden, C., Morlat, P., et al. (2005) Liver disease as a major cause of death among HIV infected patients: Role of hepatitis C and B viruses and alcohol. Journal of Hepatology, 42, 799-805.
doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.022
|
[48]
|
Sorrell, M.F., Belongia, E.A., Costa, J., et al. (2009) National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: Management of hepatitis B. Hepatology, 49, S4-S12. doi:10.1002/hep.22946
|
[49]
|
Chang, T.T., Lai, C.L., Kew Yoon, S., et al. (2010) Entecavir treatment for up to 5 years in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology, 51, 422-430. doi:10.1002/hep.23327
|
[50]
|
Leemans, W.F., Niesters, H.G., van der Eijk, A.A., Janssen, H.L., Schalm, S.W. and de Man, R.A. (2008) Selection of an entecavir-resistant mutant despite prolonged hepatitis B virus DNA suppression, in a chronic hepatitis B patient with preexistent lamivudine resistance: Successful rescue therapy with tenofovir. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 20, 773-777.
doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f793d6
|
[51]
|
Petersen, J., Ratziu, V., Buti, M., et al. (2012) Entecavir plus tenofovir combination as rescue therapy in pretreated chronic hepatitis B patients: An international multicenter cohort study. Journal of Hepatology, 56, 520-526.
|
[52]
|
Lange, C.M., Bojunga, J., Hofmann, W.P., et al. (2009) Severe lactic acidosis during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir in patients with impaired liver function. Hepatology, 50, 2001-2006.
doi:10.1002/hep.23346
|
[53]
|
Marzano, A., Marengo, A., Marietti, M. and Rizzetto, M. (2011) Lactic acidosis during Entecavir treatment in decompensated hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis. Digestive and Liver Disease, 43, 1027-1028.
doi:10.1016/j.dld.2011.06.013
|