Author(s)

Mohd Hatta Abdul Mutalip^1*, Tee Guat Hiong¹, Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat², Mohd Hazrin Hashim¹, Noor Aliza Lodz¹, Sayan Pan^1,3, Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir⁴, Asmah Razali⁵

¹Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
²Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
³Food Safety Division, Perlis State Health Department, Kangar, Malaysia.
⁴Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
⁵TB Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Federal Government Administration Centre, Putrajaya, Malaysia.

Introduction: The possible impact of ambient air pollution exposure on the development of active tuberculosis (TB) remains obscure. This study investigated the potential role of ambient air pollution in activating pulmonary TB (PTB) compared to extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Materials and Methods: Data on TB cases were obtained from national surveillance data in Malaysia during 2013 and air pollution data were obtained from 52 air-monitoring stations around the country for the 3-year period of 2011-2013. Analyses were performed to estimate the odds of PTB vs. EPTB with changes in the 3-year (2011-2013) average Air Pollutant Index (API) and specific ambient air pollutants. Results: Results showed that the 95th-percentile of API levels during 2011-2013 was moderate and it was not associated with PTB. However, the odds of active PTB compared to EPTB was significantly elevated with the 95th-percentile levels for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (aOR = 1.006, 95% CI: 1.002, 1.011), p-value < 0.01, and sulfur dioxide (aOR = 1.012, 95% CI: 1.006, 1.019), p-value < 0.01. Conclusions: These results provide suggestive evidence of the effects of ambient air pollution on development of active pulmonary TB compared to extrapulmonary TB. Additional research on the impacts of ambient air pollution on TB is warranted.

Ambient Air Pollution, Air Pollutant Index, Pulmonary TB, Malaysia

Mutalip, M. , Hiong, T. , Sarnat, S. , Hashim, M. , Lodz, N. , Pan, S. , Nadzir, M. and Razali, A. (2018) Ambient Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Malaysia. Health, 10, 1634-1649. doi: 10.4236/health.2018.1012123.