Advances in Pure Mathematics
Vol.3 No.1A(2013), Article ID:27567,5 pages DOI:10.4236/apm.2013.31A029

Semi-Commutative Differential Operators Associated with the Dirac Opetator and Darboux Transformation

Masatomo Matsushima, Mayumi Ohmiya*

Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan

Email: *momiya@mail.doshisha.ac.jp

Received November 20, 2012; revised December 21, 2012; accepted December 29, 2012

Keywords: KdV Polynomials; mKdV (−) Polynomials; Schrödinger Operator; Dirac Operator

ABSTRACT

In the present paper, the semi-commutative differential oparators associated with the 1-dimensional Dirac operator are constructed. Using this results, the hierarchy of the mKdV (−) polynomials are expressed in terms of the KdV polynomials. These formulas give a new interpretation of the classical Darboux transformation and the Miura transformation. Moreover, the recursion operator associated with the hierarchy of the mKdV (−) polynomials is constructed by the algebraic method.

1. Introduction

The main purpose of the present paper1 is to construct the semi-commutative differential operators associated with the 1-dimensional Dirac operator

(1)

where the potential is the infinitely differentiable function. Define the 1st order ordinary differential operartors by

(2)

then, the oprtator is expressed as

(3)

Note that the variable x can be regarded as both real or complex throughout the paper.

The differential operators A, B are said to be semicommutative, if the commutator is the multiplicative operator. As for the 1-dimensional Schrödinger operator

(4)

the identities

(5)

are well known for the differential operator of the order difined by

(6)

where are the KdV polynomials which will be explained precisely in Section 2.

On the other hand, in [1], R. M. Miura discovered the following interesting fact; if solves the mKdV (−) equation

then both functions defined by

(7)

solve the KdV equation

(8)

where the subscript denotes the partial differentiation. The transformation defined by (7) is the Miura transformation which plays the crucial role in the soliton theory. By (7), we have immediately the relation

(9)

The transformation defined by (9) is nothing but the Darboux transformation. Using the KdV polynomial, the relation (9) can be expressed as

(10)

Considering the above facts, we investigate the problem to express the differential polynomials in terms of the function for the stationary case, i.e., when the function v is independent of the time variable t, i.e., in what follows are defined by

As a result, we obtain the new formulation of the stationary mKdV (−) hierarchy.

In our previous works [2,3], it is clarified that the semi-commutative operators and Darboux transformation are deeply related to the spectral theory of the differential operator when the potential is algebrogeometric. The aim of our work is to extend these results concerned with the 1-dimensional Schrödinger operator to the 1-dimensional Dirac operator. The present work can be regarded as the first step of it. By applying the results of the present paper, we can obtain the various transformation formulas concerned with the algebro-geometric elliptic potential. These results will be reported in the forthcoming paper.

The contents of the present paper are as follows. In Section 2, we explain the fundamental materials which are necessary for the present work. In Section 3, calculation of the commutator of the Dirac operator and the differential operator constructed from the semi-commutative operator of the KdV hierarchy is carried out, and the main theorem of the present paper is stated. Section 4 is devoted to the proof of the main theorem. In Section 5, we construct the recursion operator associated with the mKdV hierarchy.

2. Preliminaries

The KdV polynomials are differential polynomials defined by the recurrence relation

(11)

with the condition, where is the formal pseudo-differential operator defined by

(12)

Then turn out to be the differential polynomials in. For examples, we have

If depends also on the time variable t, then the evolution equation

is nothing but the KdV equation. Hence, we call them the KdV polynomials. See [3] for more details of the KdV polynomials.

In what follows, we will often use the higher order derivatives of the differential polynomials. So, for the brevity, we will use the following notations of derivatives of the KdV polynomials defined by

where. Thus we have

From now on, we restrict ourselves to the stationary problem, i.e., the function under consideration depends only on the space variable x.

One immediately verifies the identities

(13)

Define the multi-component operator by

(14)

By (13), one can show immediately the operator identity

(15)

On the other hand, define the multi-component differential operator by

(16)

Then, by (5), (14), and (16), we have immediately

(17)

Therefore the operator are semi-commutative with the operator.

3. Calculation of

Define the scalar differential operators by

(18)

respectively. By direct calculation, we have immediately

(19)

By the definition (6) of the operator, we have immediately

(20)

By (15), we have

Furthermore, by the definition (2) of, one verifies

(21)

where we used the identity

(22)

where

The identity (22) is derived in [4], and is called the fundamental identity of the Darboux transformation in it, By the fundamental identity (22), we have immediately

Put

(23)

then we can express the identity (21) in terms of as

(24)

For, one verifies easily

,

.

Thus, for hold, and they are not differential operators, but are the multipricative operator. Thus, the operator and the Dirac operator turns out to be semi-commutative for.

For general n, we have the following theorem which is the main result of the present paper.

Theorem 1. The multi-component differential operators and are semi-commutative, i.e., are the multiplicative operators, and they coincide with each other, i.e., the equality

(25)

hold for all n. Moreover, if we denote them as, then the identities

(26)

hold for all.

If the potential v depends also on the time variable t, i.e., , the evolution equation

is nothing but the mKdV (−) equation. Hence, we call the differential polynomials, the mKdV (−) polynomials.

4. The Proof of Theorem 1

We prove the theorem by induction. Firstly, for, one verifies

On the other hand, by (10), we have

Secondly, for, we assume that

holds. Then, for, we have

From (21) and (23), we have

This implies that are the multiplicative operators, i.e., and are semi-commutative.

Similarly, by induction, we can show that coincide with each other.

Next we show the identity (26). By straightforward calculation, one can show

(27)

Put

then, by (27), we have

where we used the relation

which are derived immediately from (22).

Thus, we have

(28)

By (7), we have

By (12) which is the definition of, we have

This completes the proof of Theorem 1.

5. The Recursion Operator

In the preceding section, we have shown the relation

hold for all n. Therefore, by (28), we have

Then, by (22), we have

(29)

The relation (29) defines the recursion operators of

. Therefore, we have the following theorem.

Theorem 2. The formal pseudo-differential operator defined by

is the recursion operator associated with the mKdV (−) polynomials, , i.e.,

hold.

Using this recursion operator, one can calculate easily the hierarchy of the mKdV (−) polynomials.

REFERENCES

  1. R. M. Miura, “Korteweg—De Vries Equation and Generalizations. I. A Remarkable Explicit Nonlinear Transformation,” Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 9, No. 8, 1968, pp. 1202-1204. doi:10.1063/1.1664700
  2. M. Ohmiya, “Spectrum of Darboux Transformation of Differential Operator,” Osaka Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1999, pp. 949-980.
  3. M. Ohmiya, “KdV Polynomials and Λ-Operator,” Osaka Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 32, No. 2, 1995, pp. 409- 430.
  4. M. Ohmiya and Y. P. Mishev, “Darboux Transformation and Λ-Operator,” Journal of Mathematics/Tokushima University, Vol. 27, 1993, pp. 1-15.
  5. M. Matsushima and M. Ohmiya, “An Algebraic Construction of the First Integrals of the Stationary KdV Hierarchy,” Proceeding of ICNAAM: Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 1, 2009, pp. 168-172.

NOTES

*Corresponding author.

1This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 2354- 0255.