Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in a Real Scale Building Incorporating PCM in the Air Layer of the Vertical Walls ()
1. Introduction
The energy consumption in the buildings rises increasingly, housing and tertiary buildings are responsible for the consumption of approximately 25% of the total energy consumption and 33% of electricity consumption in Morocco. The main disadvantage of light weight buildings concerning thermal comfort and energy consumption is their low thermal energy storage potential in walls [1] .
Thermal insulation is an important technology to reduce energy consumption in buildings by preventing heat gain/loss through the building envelope: a powerful thermal insulation can reduce the energy consumption in heating and cooling by 60%. Elamin [2] has shown that the optimal choice of lake building orientation, the glazing ratio, the air layer thickness, the mass flow rate ventilation for fresh air can contribute significantly in reducing the heating consumption in winter and air conditioning in summer. Bekkouche et al. [3] have addressed one of the main parameters that affect the thermal resistance of a double wall separated by an air layer. The thermal resistance of the air layer can be equivalent to a conventional thermal insulation layer.
Building envelope thermal insulation is a proven technology that contributes to energy efficient buildings. The new trend that has recently been observed in the development of thermal insulation is the development of phase change materials (PCMs). Phase change materials (PCM) are a high heat-melting substance that can store and release large amounts of energy. The principle is based on the latent heat storage. As the temperature increases, the temperature of a latent heat accumulator does not increase, but the medium changes from one physical state to another and thus stores energy. Therefore, the energy intake cannot be detected by touch. The temperature only increases detectably after a complete phase change. When a change occurs, the latent heat involved is equal to the heat of fusion or crystallization of the storage medium. The advantage of PCM is that it is possible to store large amounts of heat or cold in small temperature ranges [4] . Several review papers have been published on the concept of using PCM in the building envelope: walls [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] , ceilings [10] [11] [12] , floors [13] [14] and windows.
Previous works show that several experimental studies have focused on the building thermal efficiency. Using PCM material in such building walls can decrease the temperature fluctuations, particularly in case of solar radiations loads. It is then a potential method for reducing energy consumption in passively designed buildings. This tendency is confirmed by numerous papers. Mourid et al. [9] [15] carried out an experimental thermal study using two identical real scale cells: One is equipped with PCM layer installed on the roof and/or in vertical walls. Authors notice a reduction of transmitted flux density from the ceiling to the cavity of 56.8% in the case of a single thickness of PCM layer, and of 88% with double layer of PCM, Compared with a reference cavity. Two test houses with a classic residential construction showed that the introduction of 1.27 cm of PCM wall panel in the west wall reduced maximum heat flux by 29.7%, while the optimal location of 2.54 cm of PCM wall panel in the southern wall reduced maximum heat flux by 51.3%, Lee et al. [16] .
Our contribution is a part of this policy of energy efficiency in the Moroccan sector. For this purpose, we will carry out an experimental investigation on the use of MCP to improve the phenomenon of inertia of the walls, Figure 1. We present in the first the results of a passive comparative study between two cavities: one of reference and the other with PCM. The originality of our study resides
Figure 1. View of the experimental cells.
in the incorporation of two modes, of the MCP within the blades of air from the south and west walls of a real scale local exposed to the weather conditions of Casablanca. The objective of this study is to evaluate the thermal performance of residential walls equipped with a phase change material in the air layer during summer.
2. Description of the Experimental Set-Up
2.1. Experimental Protocol
The experimental setup is located in the Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock (FSAC) in Casablanca (33˚36'N, 07˚36'W). It is composed of two real scale cavities, Figure 1, identical with the same orientations and dimensions. The dimensions of one cell are 3 m width, 3 m length and 3 m high. The northern wall is equipped with a simple class window of 1 m × 1 m and a wood door of 2 m × 1 m. The vertical walls are identical except for the western and southern wall of the PCM-cavity, for which we introduced a 5.25 mm PCM layer in its air layer as indicated in Table 1. Two cases are envisaged for this study depending on the location of the PCM layer as shown in Figure 2 (Case 1) and Figure 3 (Case 2).
2.2. Phase Change Material
The product tested, EnergainÒ, developed by the DuPontTM de Nemours Society. It is obtained from a mixture of a solid compound copolymer (ethylene, 40%) and paraffin (60%). It is encapsulated, in panels (1 × 1.2 × 0.0056 m3), by using thin Aluminum coverage. The form of the PCM material is flexible sheets of 5.26 mm thickness, with a melting temperature between 20˚C to 35˚C [17] , which density is about 900 kg∙m3. The properties of this PCM are shown in Table 2.
2.3. Weather Data
The weather data used in this study are those relating to September 2017, measured using the weather station installed on the roof of the FSAC. The latter was
Table 1. Composition of the walls with and without PCM and thermo-physical properties of the materials.
Figure 2. Southern wall composition and thermocouples positions (Case 1).
Figure 3. Western wall composition and thermocouples positions (Case 2).
used to register the outdoor temperature, solar radiation, wind velocity and relative humidity. These data were measured with a time step of one hour.
The global heat radiation and the external temperature are presented in Figure 4. Note that for this period, the global solar radiation is practically identical for the three days of measurement. Its maximum value is around 709 W/m2. The external temperature fluctuations vary between 19.3˚C and 28˚C. These fluctuations will act on the thermal resistance of the walls.
3. Analysis of Comparative Thermal Performances
This section presents an analysis of the thermal performances of the PCM wallboards. In this study, we evaluate the results generated through two different cases. The existence of the PCM composite in the walls is the main factor that differs both cases. We get the room air temperature (Figure 5), and the temperature average of the interior and exterior surfaces of both western and southern walls (Figure 6). These data are extracted in both cases, evaluated, and then compared.
3.1. Ambient Temperatures of the Cells
In Figure 5, we extract the room temperature Tam from the cell that has PCM and the cell without PCM, and then we compare the results. For the cavity with PCM, the ambient temperature varies between 25.5˚C and 31˚C, whereas, the temperature fluctuates from 23.8˚C to 28˚C in the cells without PCM. The results show that the integration of 5.25 mm thick PCM panels inside the southern and western walls can increase the maximum fluctuation of the temperature by 3.2˚C. It is important to note that during the night the same phenomenon is observed with a difference of 1.7˚C. This can be explained by the energy released by the PCM during the solidification of the phase change material at night time. However, the results show that the ambient temperature in the cell with PCM is higher than the one without PCM. Indeed, the heat that enters through the ceilings of the two cells is not released outside with the same intensity. Because the thermal resistance in the southern and western walls that contain PCM is higher than the walls in the cell without MCP.
3.2. Mean Temperatures of the Interior Surfaces
Figure 6 shows the evolutions of mean temperatures for the interior and exterior surfaces of the two modified walls, for the cases with and without PCM. Data analysis shows that the mean temperature of the interior surface of western
Figure 4. Time wise variations of the external temperature and global solar radiation.
Figure 5. Time variations of the ambient temperatures of the cells with and without PCM.
wall for the case without PCM fluctuated from 23.3˚C to 27.7˚C, whereas for the PCM case it is varying from 27.2˚C to 31.6˚C. It proves that the PCM wall can
Figure 6. Experimental mean temperatures of the interior surfaces of western wall (a), southern wall (b).
increase the temperature fluctuations by 4˚C in our tests. As against the mean temperature of the interior surface of southern wall without PCM fluctuated from 24.2˚C to 28˚C, whereas for the PCM case it is varying from 25.5˚C to 31˚C. It proves that the PCM wall can increase the temperature fluctuations by 3˚C the day and 1.3˚C during the night.
4. Thermal Behavior of the Wall with PCM for the Two Cases
In this paragraph, we focus on the thermal behavior of the air layer. First, we started with Case 1 (southern wall): MCP is fixed directly on the internal face of the exterior wall of the double wall and then we will proceed with Case 2 (western wall): the MCP is placed at 1.2 cm from the internal face of the exterior wall of the double wall, for the period of September 23th to 25th, 2017.
4.1. Case 1: PCM in the Southern Wall
Figure 7 shows the temperature variations of the southern wall faces (Case 1). The behavior of the PCM glued to the internal face of wall 1 (Figure 2) resulted in a different temperature spectrum. Indeed, the temperature of the internal face of the external wall (T2) is identical to that of the MCP (T3); the two curves related to these temperatures are mixed. This resulted in a total releasing of the latent heat of the PCM at night. Thus, the phenomenon of the thermal inertia expected from the use of the PCM is no longer ensured. That shows that Case 1 has some limitations compared to Case 2. The analysis of the temperature profile of the walls shows that for a period of the day, all the components of the wall are practically at the same temperature. Indeed, the PCM heated directly by the outer wall transmits this heat flow by convection within the LAGE to the inner wall of the studied wall.
4.2. Case 2: PCM in the Western Wall
Figure 8 illustrates the temporal variation of the temperatures of each face of the interior and exterior walls of the western double wall, as it was defined in Figure 3, for the same period as Case 1. It is noted that the heat flux density coming from the external face is absorbed by both the MCP and the interior wall as can be seen on their temperature variations.
It is also noted that the temperature T2 of the internal face of the external wall is lower than the temperature of the other sides. In the time range between 12h00 with 20h00 (during the day) T2 is equal to the temperatures T3 and T4 of the CPM which are almost mixed because of the conjugated phenomenon of the radiation and the conduction. They present a temperature difference during the night due to the MCP inertia phenomenon and the thin air gap (LAFE) which acts as a thermal insulator. The temperature difference is 1.5˚C.
The same phenomenon is observed for the temperatures of the inner wall sides. The variation of the temperature TLA07, in the middle of the large tick air layer (LAGE), between the temperatures T4 and T5 of the wall sides, shows the existence of a thermal gradient within it. This shows the existence of convection flows between the outer face of the inner wall and MCP, which increases at night. It can be deduced that the temperature T2 is influenced by the ambient
Figure 7. Time variations of the temperature through the southern wall.
Figure 8. Time variations of the temperature through the western wall.
temperature of the room which is subjected to the external heat flux coming from the ceiling; this is visible on the oscillations in phase with the temperature T1 of the outer face of the extern wall.
We recall that we have placed 3 thermocouples inside the western wall air layer as indicated above (Figure 3). Figure 9 shows the temperature variations with time for these thermocouples. These thermal variations, in the middle part of the air layer, show that the air gap evolves as a function of the solar flux received by the western wall (containing the PCM). The part of the curve corresponding to a constant temperature in the middle part extends from 12:00am to 4:00pm (corresponds to a line segment), the air layer is stratified. The maximum of the indoor temperature Tmax = 27˚C is around 7:00pm, while the maximum temperature of the western outside face is equal to 35.9˚C and it reached around 5:00pm. In addition, the outdoor temperature reaches its maximum of 25.2˚C at 2:00pm. This shows the effect of the thermal inertia when the PCM is introduced inside of the air layer of the wall.
By comparing the temperature curves of Figure 7 and Figure 9, it can be seen that Case 2 is composed of three walls, two of brick and the third of thin air layer, whereas the Case 1 is composed of only two brick walls separated by a convective air layer.
5. Conclusions
This study intends to support the application of phase change materials (PCM) in building as passive alternative to maintain the thermal comfort with a significant reduction of energy losses to the outside and as a result of significant savings in heating energy.
Figure 9. Temporal variation of temperatures inside the air layer, September 23th to 25th, 2017.
The experimental results presented in this study showed the ability of PCM to increase the thermal inertia of the walls. Significant reductions of heat fluxes through the walls with PCM, are due to absorption of heat in this latter. It can, therefore, be concluded that PCM is effective for storage of heating gains/losses, and improvement of thermal comfort.
The use of PCM as a means of storage and thermal insulation was carried out according to two approaches: the PCM is separated from the outer wall of a wall by a thin air layer (Case 2) or glued directly to this wall (Case 1). The results of the study show that Case 2 is by far more favorable than Case 1. In the latest case, the air gap adopted in buildings in Morocco has no role in thermal insulation: convective transfers are developed. Case 2 shows that the thickness of the air gap is a decisive parameter for thermal insulation in double-walled walls. The application of such materials for construction makes it possible to improve thermal comfort and reduce the load of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems for saving electric energy.