Optimal Placement of Multi DG Units Including Different Load Models Using PSO

Amany M. El-Zonkol

.

DOI: 10.4236/sgre.2010.13021                

Abstract

This paper proposes a multi-objective index-based approach to optimally determine the size and location of multi-distributed generators (DG) units in distribution system with different load models. It is shown that load models can significantly affect the optimal location and sizing of DG resources in distribution systems. The proposed multi-objective function to be optimized includes a short circuit level parameter to represent the protective device requirements. The proposed function also considers a wide range of technical issues such as active and reactive power losses of the system, the voltage profile, the line loading and the MVA intake by the grid. The optimization technique based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is introduced. The analysis of continuation power flow to determine the effect of DG units on the most sensitive buses to voltage collapse is carried out. The proposed algorithm is tested using the 38-bus radial system and the IEEE 30-bus meshed system. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Keywords

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Optimal Placement, Distributed Generation (DG), Load Models, Impact Indices, Short Circuit Level, Voltage Stability

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	M. Gandomkar, M. Vakilian and M. Ehsan, “A Combination of Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing for Optimal Distributed DG Allocation in Distributed Networks,” Proceedings of IEEE Electrical and Computer Engineering Canadian Conference, Saskatoon, May 2005, pp. 645-648.
[2]	D. Zhu, R. P. Broadwater, K. Tam, R. Seguin and H. Asgeirsson, “Impact of DG Placement on Reliability and Efficiency with Time-Varying Loads,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2006, pp. 419- 427.
[3]	A. keane and M. O’Malley, “Optimal Distributed Generation Plant Mix with Novel Loss Adjustment Factors,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Montreal, July 2006, p. 6.
[4]	M. F. AlHajri, M. R. AlRashidi and M. E. El-Hawary, “Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Optimal Distribution Generation Sizing and Allocation in Distribution Systems,” Proceedings of Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, April 2007, pp. 1290-1293.
[5]	Y. A. Katsigiannis and P. S. Georgilakis, “Optimal Sizing of Small Isolated Hybrid Power Systems Using Tabu Search,” Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, Vol. 10, No. 5, May 2008, pp. 1241-1245.
[6]	W. El-Khattam, Y. G. Hegazy and M. M. A. Salama, “An Integrated Distributed Generation Optimization Model for Distribution System Planning,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 1158-1165.
[7]	M. Mardaneh and G. B. Gharehpetian, “Siting and Sizing of Dg Units Using Ga and Opf Based Technique,” IEEE Region 10 Conference, Vol. 3, 2004, pp. 331-334.
[8]	H. lyer, S. Ray and R. Ramakumar, “Voltage Profile Improvement with Distributed Generation,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Vol. 3, No. 3, June 2005, pp. 2977-2984.
[9]	M. A. Kashem, D. T. Le, M. Negnevitsky and G. Ledwich, “Distributed Generation for Minimization of Power Losses in Distribution Systems,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Montreal, June 2006, pp. 1-8.
[10]	D. Singh, D. Singh and K. S. Verma, “Multiobjective Optimization for Dg Planning with Load Models,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2009, pp. 427-436.
[11]	T. Gozel and M. H. Hocaoglu, “An Analytical Method for the Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generators in Radial Systems,” International Journal of Electric Power System Research, Vol. 79, No. 6, June 2009, pp. 912-918.
[12]	M. M. Elnashar, R. El-Shatshat and M. A. Salama, “Optimum Siting and Sizing of a Large Distributed Generators in a Mesh Connected System,” International Journal of Electric Power System Research, Vol. 80, June 2010, pp. 690-697.
[13]	L. F. Ochoa, A. Padilha-Feltrin and G. P. harrison, “Evaluating Distributed Generation Impacts with a Multiobjective Index,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 3, July 2006, pp. 1452-1458.
[14]	R. K. Singh and S. K. Goswami, “Optimum Allocation of Distributed Generations Based on Nodal Pricing for Profit, Loss Reduction and Voltage Improvement Including Voltage Rise Issue,” International Journal of Electric Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 32, No. 6, July 2010, pp. 637-644.
[15]	H. Hedayati, S. A. Nabaviniaki and A. Akbarimajd, “A Method for Placement of Dg Units in Distribution Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 2008, pp. 1620-1628.
[16]	G. Celli, E. Ghiani, S. Mocci and F. Pilo, “A Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm for the Sizing and Siting of Distributed Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 750-757.
[17]	M. AlHajri, “Sizing and Placement of Distributed Generation in Electrical Distribution Systems using Conventional and Heuristic Optimization Methods,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 2009.
[18]	J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, “Particle Swarm Optimization,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conferences on Neural Networks, Vol. 4, Perth, Australia, 1995, pp. 1942 -1948.
[19]	Y. Shi and R. Eberhart, “A Modified Particle Swarm Optimizer,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conferences Evolution Computation, Anchorage, UK, May 1998, pp. 69-73.
[20]	H. Yoshida, K. Kawata and Y. Fukuyama, “A Particle Swarm Optimization for Reactive Power and Voltage Control Considering Voltage Security Assessment,” IEEE Transactions on Power System, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2000, pp. 1232-1239.
[21]	N. Deeb and S. Shahidehpour, “Cross Decomposition for Multi-Area Optimal Reactive Power Planning,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1993, pp. 1539-1544.
[22]	Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). http://www.power.uwaterloo.ca/~fmilano/psat.htm
[23]	Y. Fukuyama and T. Yura, “A Particle Swarm Optimization for Reactive Power and Voltage Control Considering Voltage Stability,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conferences on Intelligent System Applications to Power Systems (ISAP), Rio de Janeiro, April 1999.
[24]	S. Naka, T. Genji, T. Tura and Y. Fukuyama, “Practical Distribution State Estimation Using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization,” Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Ohio, USA, 2001.