1. Introduction
In isotopic spin space of Standard Model, SM, Gell-Mann M [1] and Zweig G [2], the isospin quantum number I and the third component I3, for flavour quarks u, d are 1/2, +1/2 and 1/2, −1/2 respectively, for flavour quarks
are 0, 0. u (
) and d (
) quarks are assigned to an isodoublet with
, the dimension of matrix representation of the isodoublet is equal to
. This matrix representation is an analogy with ordinary angular momentum
,
is Pauli matrix. And the remaining four flavour quarks
,
,
,
are assigned to four isosinglets with I = 0, respectively, the dimension of matrix representation of each isosinglet is equal to
. Further, there is an isodoublet and there are four isosinglets in isospin scheme for flavour quarks [3].
It is a curious question, what will happen? if the above six flavour quarks are all put into a common multiplet, that is, if these flavours are treated equally in one isotopic spin space. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, PEP, each of those values of
of six flavour quarks should not be the same each other. Following the unified math symmetry picture, all eigenvalues of
of flavour
quark are proposed to be half-integers, to be +5/2, +3/2, +1/2, −1/2, −3/2, −5/2.
respectively are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Flavours quarks from SM to STS.
In Table 1, the right side is more graceful and elegant than the left side, but how can we obtain those third component eigenvalues
of isospin 1/2 particles, that labelled by mark ♦, which are greater than +1/2 or less than −1/2 in Table 1? Next, we resort to Spin Topological Space ( [4] [5] [6] [7] ), abbreviation STS, that can help us to construct what we want to get the right side in Table 1.
2. STS, Spin Topological Space
Spin angular momentum
of a spin particle in STS math frame, is labelled by two subscripts
(if in real region):
(1)
satisfy angular momentum commutation rule (2)
(2)
(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)
.
and
are two infinite dimensional Non-Hermitian Matrices.
is an infinite dimensional Hermitian Matrix [4] [7]. Using the three components of
, we get the expressions for the eigenvalue of Casimir Operator
and the eigenvalue of the third component
of
below
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
formulas (4), (5) show
and
are diagonal infinite dimensional matrices. Here
is the vacuum background spin angular momentum of
. If in case of no confusion, it is convenient to instead of (5) to use (9) to deal with
, then obtain following expressions
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Call
, STC, Spin Topological Coordinate of spin particle in STS.
Addition of
and
,
is given below
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
and
are Casimir operator and the third component of spin particle
in STS.
3. Flavour Quarks in STS
Now we continue Table 1 quark model in STS, in flavour isotopic space,
is replaced by
, then obtain Casimir Operator
(18) and the third
component eigenvalues
(19) of flavour
quarks (fermion
(17)). Details are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Flavour quantum number of quarks in STS (isospin
).
Note:
is named as flavour quantum number of quarks, which are even numbers.
(17)
(18)
(19)
4. Colour Quarks in STS
Now Suppose that except flavour quantum number marked
in STS (Table 2), quark could even possess colour quantum number array that called as Colour Spectral Line Array labelled by qRGB (20), which is an array comprised of three colour quantum numbers, marked qR, qG and qB, they are third-fractions.
(20)
Different flavour quark possesses its own colour spectral line array, for example, array
is the colour spectral line array of flavour u quark, and array
is colour spectral line array of flavour d quark. Flavour
and colour qRGB are the identities of quark particles.
Definition CSDF, Colour Spectrum Diagram of Flavour is composed of six (or more) colour spectral line arrays of flavour quarks, somewhat similar to the Gene diagram of chromosomes. Explicit scheme of CSDF is given below.
5. Hypothesis
Flavours are coupling phenomena of isospin angular momenta of three- colour-quarks.
To track the idea, we make use of CSDF, and of angular momentum formulae (21) and (22) of three spin particles below. Further obtain STC array of flavour quarks in Table 3. In other words, obtain the relationships STC array,
between flavour quantum number,
and Colour Spectral Line Array
.
(21)
(22.1)
(22.2)
Table 3. STC array of colour quantum numbers of flavour quarks.
6. Baryons and Mesons in STS
Due to baryons all are “white colour” particles, which are made of colourful quarks. To help with CSDF, picking up three colour quantum numbers:
,
and
, respectively from any three quarks q1, q2 and q3 (q1, q2 and q3 can be any flavour), then various visible baryons could be produced. In this way, for example, baryon decuplet is constituted as shown in Table 4.
According to SM, the “colourless phenomena” of all mesons could be satisfied by blending with a quark with colour and antiquark with anti-colour, that is to say,
, or
, or
. Contrary to SM, in STS a meson is similar to a baryon, a meson also is a three-body system that comprises a quark (colour), an antiquark (anti-colour) and a gluon (white). This gluon plays the role of mediator to fasten quark and antiquark together in a meson.
Colour spectral line array of meson is symbolized with
. The mentioned above is the case of
,
. The discussion about
,
will be given later.
In what follows base on CSDF, we list the weight diagram Table 5 of meson octet. Here
is the gluon basic state with
,
.
7.
Interaction in STS
This paragraph suggests some ideas, similar to spin-spin
interaction in spin space [3], to disscuss
Interaction in STS. Table 4 shows that baryons, like quarks (CSDF), are marked by colour spectral line arrays too, but a slight different from quarks. Actually, there are two kinds of colour spectral line arrays: right-hand colour quantum numbers (r-h) (23.1) and left-hand colour quantum numbers (l-h) (23.2) for a given baryon, which made of quark q1, q2 and q3. Each baryon exists in one of three possible states, labelled with cases: I, II and III in case (23.1) and case (23.2) respectively. The results in Table 4 are the case of I of (r-h) only shown below.
Table 4. Weight diagram for baryon decuplet with S = +4 in STS.
Note: in Table 4, the value I3 of every baryon all is half integer, contrary to those what the I3 might take both half integer and integer (include zero) in case of
in SM.
Table 5. Weight diagram for meson octet with S = +1 in STS.
Note: in Table 5, the value I3 of every meson all is integer, contrary to those what the I3 might take both half integer and integer in case of
in SM.
There is an amusing equality (23) below among q1,q2 and q3 that is obtained from
(23.1)
(23.2)
example of p+
(24.1)
(24.2)
example of n0
(25.1)
(25.2)
If array
is defined as a vector (26)
(26)
Then the next two tables are constructed from CSDF, which may offer some heuristic search for classification of particle mass.
Table 6. Mass Values Comparison between Prediction and Experiment for proton and neutron [3].
Table 7. Comparison between
and
of three generations of quarks (ref: diagram CSDF).
In Table 6 and Table 7,
and
are the scalar products of
(26). The masses of particles (both proton, neutron and quarks) are supposed to be proportional to the scalar products from their corresponding CSDF.
8. Conclusions
In this paper we have pointed links between flavour quarks and colour quarks in math frame STS, Spin Topological Space: the flavour viewed as a number, named as flavour quantum number
and the colour viewed as an array, named as colour spectral line array qRGB consist of three colour quantum numbers qR, qG and qB or
,
and
. The former is even number, the latter are third-fractions. When one thinks
,
and
as three distinct angular momentums respectively, using momentum addtion of three-body, one can construct a variety of baryons.
In contrast to SM, mesons only are made of quark and antiquark, it becomes more complex, as now gluon joins into meson mechanism. In account of what happened in colour spectral line array
when
,
, many efforts are needed, after all, so much is not fully understood.
Perhaps CSDF, Colour Spectrum Diagram of Flavour is an essential conception for us to realize what flavour and colour of quarks are.
Ackonwledgements
The author thanks my intimate friend, Xin Mao, for valuable discussions and encouragements, and grateful to Jia Guan who helpfully supportes this paper Latex version.