Susceptibility of Wheat Varieties to Soil-Borne Rhizoctonia Infection

Abstract

Response of 19 wheat varieties cultivated in Hungary varied within large limits to soil borne Rhizoctonia infection. The most frequent symptom, usually leading to damping off was the root neck necrosis. Four significant factors influencing the susceptibility of wheat comprised 71% of total variation but none of them was dominant. The inhibition of development of survivors in Rhizoctonia infested soil correlated with overall susceptibility of variety concerned. The varieties Emese, Kikelet and Palotás are proved to be less susceptible, but none of the varieties could be certified as tolerant. No relationships were revealed between pathogenicity of 26 Rhizoctonia strains studied and their taxonomic position or origin. The anamorph strains of Athelia, Ceratobasidium, Ceratorhiza and Waitea similar to Thanatephorus anamorphs selectively infected the wheat varieties, but the syndromatic pictures were undistinguishable with unarmed eye. R. solani was proved to be more aggressive against germinating wheat than R. cerealis. Nine significant factors influencing the virulence of Rhizoctonia strains comprised 82% of total variation, and six of them influenced exclusively Thanatephorus anamorphs.

 

Share and Cite:

G. Oros, Z. Naár and D. Magyar, "Susceptibility of Wheat Varieties to Soil-Borne Rhizoctonia Infection," American Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 4 No. 11, 2013, pp. 2240-2258. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2013.411277.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] L. Vajna and G. Oros, “First Report of Rhizoctonia zeae in Hungary,” Plant Pathology, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2005, p. 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01172.x
[2] G. Oros, “Rhizoctonia Species. Gaps to Be Filled in the Hungarian Soil Science,” Tiszántúli Növényvédelmi Fórum Elöadásai, Debrecen, 18-20 October 2004, pp. 321-329.
[3] G. J. Kövics and N. Lörincz, “Causal Agents of Stem-Base Diseases of Winter Wheat in Eastern Hungary,” In: Proceedings of Conference, Resources of the Environment and Sustained Development, Oradea, 24-26 May 2001, Analele Universitátii din Oradea. Tom. VII. Scientific Communication Session: Partea I-a. Fascicula Agricultura-Horticultura, pp. 37-44.
[4] E. I. Simay, “Outbreak of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn on oat (Avena sativa) in Hungary,” Cereal Research Communications, Vol. 17, No. 3-4, 1998, pp. 233-235.
[5] F. Unal and F. S. Dolar, “First Report of Rhizoctonia solani AG 8 on Wheat in Turkey,” Journal of Phytopathology, Vol. 160, No. 1, 2012, pp. 52-54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2011.01856.x
[6] L. Chen, Y. Y. Zhang, H. X. Liang, H. X. Liu, L. P. Du, H. J. Xu and Z. Y. Xin, “Overexpression of TiERF1 Enhances Resistance to Sharp Eyespot in Transgenic Wheat,” Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 59, No. 15, 2008, pp. 4195-4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern259
[7] M. S. Hamada, Y. N. Yin, H. G. Chen and Z. H. Ma, “The Escalating Threat of Rhizoctonia cerealis, the Causal Agent of Sharp Eyespot in Wheat,” Pest Management Science, Vol. 67, No. 11, 2011, pp. 1411-1419.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2236
[8] Y. P. Guo, W. Li, H. Y. Sun, N. Wang, H. S. Yu and H. G. Chen, “Detection and Quantification of Rhizoctonia cerealis in Soil Using Real-Time PCR,” Journal of General Plant Pathology, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2012, pp. 247-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-012-0390-x
[9] E. Demirci, “Rhizoctonia Species and Anastomosis Groups Isolated from Barley and Wheat in Erzurum, Turkey,” Plant Pathology, Vol. 47, No. 1, 1998, pp. 10-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00214.x
[10] B. Tunali, J. M. Nicol, D. Hodson, Z. Uckun, O. Buyuk, D. Erdurmus, H. Hekimhan, H. Aktas, M. A. Akbudak and S. A. Bagci, “Root and Crown Rot Fungi Associated with Spring, Facultative, and Winter Wheat in Turkey,” Plant Disease, Vol. 92, No. 9, 2008, pp. 1299-1306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-9-1299
[11] R. G. Grogan, “The Science and Art of Plant Disease Diagnosis,” Annual Review of Plant Pathology, Vol. 19, 1981, pp. 333-351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.000245
[12] J. S. Gill, K. Sivasithamparam and K. R. J. Smettem, “Soil Types with Different Texture Affects Development of Rhizoctonia Root Rot of Wheat Seedlings,” Plant and Soil, Vol. 221, No. 2, 2000, pp. 113-120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004606016745
[13] J. Keijer, “The Initial Steps of the Infection Process In Rhizoctonia solani,” In: B. Sneh, S. Jabaji-Hare, S. Neate, and G. Dijst, Eds., Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996, pp. 149-162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2901-7_13
[14] V. N. Armentrout anf A. J. Downer, “Infection Cushion Development by Rhizoctonia solani on Cotton,” Phytopathogy, Vol. 77, 1987, pp. 623-630.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-77-623
[15] D. I. L. Murray, “Penetration of Barley Root and Coleoptile Surfaces by Rhizoctonia solani,” Transactios of British Mycological Society, Vol. 79, No. 2, 1982, pp. 354-360.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(82)80130-7
[16] D. K. Roget, S. M. Neate and A. D. Rovira, “Effect of Sowing Point Design and Tillage Practice on the Incidence of Rhizoctonia Root Rot, Take-All and Cereal Cyst Nematode in Wheat and Barley,” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 36, No. 6, 1996, pp. 683-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EA9960683
[17] R. J. Cook and R. J. Veseth, “Wheat Health Management,” APS Press, St. Paul, 1991, p. 152.
[18] W. W. Bockus and J. P. Shroyer, “The Impact of Reduced Tillage on Soilborne Plant Pathogens,” Annual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 36, 1998, pp. 485-500.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.36.1.485
[19] T. C. Paulitz, R. W. Smiley and R. J. Cook, “Insights into the Prevalence and Management of Soilborne Cereal Pathogens under Direct Seeding in the Pacific Northwest, USA,” Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne de Phytopathologie, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2002, pp. 416-428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060660209507029
[20] D. K. Roget, S. M. Neate and A. D. Rovira, “Effect of Sowing Point Design and Tillage Practice on the Incidence of Rhizoctonia Root Rot, Take-All and Cereal Cyst Nematode in Wheat and Barley,” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 36, No. 6, 1996, pp. 683-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EA9960683
[21] S. A. Frank, “Recognition and Polymorphism in Host-Parasite Genetics,” Philosophical Transaactions of the Royal Society, London Series B, Vol. 346, No. 1317, 1994, pp. 283-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1994.0145
[22] R. K. Voorhees, “Sclerotial Rot of Corn Caused by Rhizoctonia zeae, n. sp.,” Phytopathology, Vol. 24, No. 11, 1934, pp. 1290-303.
[23] L. Vajna and G. Oros, “Turfgrass Blight in Hungary. The Role of Rhizoctonia solani and R. zeae in the Disease Development,” Plant Protection, Vol. 59, 2005, pp. 149-157. [in Hungarian]
[24] M. H. F. Hashmi and A. Ghaffar, “Seed-Borne Mycoflora of Wheat, Sorghum and Barley,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2006, pp. 185-192.
[25] T. C. Streeter, Z. Rengel, S. M. Neate and R. D. Graham, “Zinc Fertilisation Increases Tolerance to Rhizoctonia solani (AG 8) in Medicago truncatula,” Plant and Soil, Vol. 228, No. 2, 2001, pp. 233-242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004874027331
[26] J. A. Lewis, R. D. Lumsden and J. C. Locke, “Biocontrol of Damping-Off Diseases Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum with Alginate Prills of Gliocladium virens, Trichoderma hamatum and Various Food Bases,” Biocontrol Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1996, pp. 163-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583159650039368
[27] R. J. Cook, D. M. Weller, A. Y. El-Banna, D. Vakoch and H. Zhang, “Yield Responses of Direct-Seeded Wheat to Rhizobacteria and Fungicide Seed Treatments,” Plant Disease, Vol. 86, No. 7, 2002, pp. 780-784.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.7.780
[28] S. J. Barnett, D. K. Roget and M. H. Ryder, “Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 Induced Disease on Wheat by the Interaction between Pantoea, Exiguobacterium, and Microbacteria,” Australian Journal of Soil Research, Vol. 44, No. 4, 2006, pp. 331-342.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SR05113
[29] S. A. Wakelin, S. T. Anstis, R. A. Warren and M. H. Ryder, “The Role of Pathogen Suppression on the Growth Promotion of Wheat by Penicillium radicum,” Australasian Plant Pathology, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2006, pp. 253-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AP06008
[30] O. V. Mavrodi, N. Walter, S. Elateek, C. G. Taylor and P. A. Okubara, “Suppression of Rhizoctonia and Pythium Root Rot of Wheat by New Strains of Pseudomonas,” Vol. Biological Control, 62, No. 2, 2012, pp. 93-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.03.013
[31] D. V. Mavrodi, O. V. Mavrodi, J. A. Parejko, R. F. Bonsall, Y. S. Kwak, T. C. Paulitz, L. S. Thomashow and D. M. Weller, “Accumulation of the Antibiotic Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid in the Rhizosphere of Dryland Cereals,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2012, pp. 804-812.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06784-11
[32] S. Kildea, V. Ransbotyn, M. R. Khan, B. Fagan, G. Leonard, E. Mullins and F. M. Doohan, “Bacillus megaterium Shows Potential for the Biocontrol of Septoria tritici Blotch of Wheat,” Biological Control, Vol. 47, No. 1, 2008, pp. 37-45.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.07.001
[33] J. Sváb, “Biometrical Methods in Research Work,” Mezögazdasági Kiadó, Budapest, 1981 (in Hungarian).
[34] J. W. Sammon, “A Nonlinear Mapping for Data Structure Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 18, No. 5, 1969, pp. 401-407.
[35] P. J. Lewi, “Spectral Mapping, a Personal and Historical Account of an Adventure in Multivariate Data Analysis,” Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, Vol. 77, No. 1-2, 2005, pp. 215-223.
[36] D. Magyar and G. Oros, “Application of the Principal Component Analysis to Disclose Factors Influencing on the Composition of Fungal Consortia Deteriorating Remained Fruit Stalks on Sour Cherry Trees,” In: P. Sanguansat, Ed., Principal Component Analysis, InTech, Rijeka, 2012, pp. 89-110.
[37] K. Pearson, “On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space,” Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1901, pp. 559-572.
[38] T. C. Paulitz and K. L. Schroeder, “A New Method for the Quantification of Rhizoctonia solani and R. oryzae from Soil,” Plant Disease, Vol. 89, No. 7, 2005, pp. 767-772.http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0767
[39] J. S. Gill, K. Sivasithamparam and K. R. J. Smettem, “Size of Bare-Patches in Wheat Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 Is Determined by the Established Mycelial Network at Sowing,” Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Vol. 34, No. 6, 2002, pp. 889-893.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00015-9
[40] I. M. Szabó, “The Microbiology of the Biosphere,” Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1989.
[41] A. H. A. Al-Abdalall, “Assessment of Yield Loss Caused by Root Rots in Wheat and Barley,” Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2010, pp. 638-641.
[42] R. J. Cook, “Management of Wheat and Barley Root Diseases in Modern Farming Systems,” Australasian Plant Pathology, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001, pp. 119-126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AP01010
[43] R. A. Davis, D. Huggins, R. J. Cook and T. C. Paulitz, “Can Placement of Seed Away from Relic Stubble Limit Rhizoctonia Root Rot in Direct-Seeded Wheat?” Soil & Tillage Research, Vol. 101, No. 1-2, 2008, pp. 37-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.05.014
[44] J. S. Gill, K. Sivasithamparam and K. R. J. Smettem, “Influence of Depth of Soil Disturbance on Root Growth Dynamics of Wheat Seedlings Associated with Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 Disease Severity in Sandy and Loamy Sand Soils of Western Australia,” Soil & Tillage Research, Vol. 62, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 73-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00217-3
[45] T. C. Paulitz, R. W. Smiley and R. J. Cook, “Insights into the Prevalence and Management of Soilborne Cereal Pathogens under Direct Seeding in the Pacific Northwest, USA,” Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne de Phytopathologie, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2002, pp. 416-428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060660209507029
[46] C. E. Pankhurst, H. J. McDonald, B. G. Hawke and C. A. Kirkby, “Effect of Tillage and Stubble Management on Chemical and Microbiological Properties and the Development of Suppression towards Cereal Root Disease in Soils from Two Sites in NSW, Australia,” Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Vol. 34, No. 6, 2002, pp. 833-840.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00014-7
[47] W. T. Schillinger, A. C. Kennedy and D. L. Young, “Eight Years of Annual No-Till Cropping in Washington’s Winter Wheat-Summer Fallow Region,” Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 120, No. 2-4, 2007, pp. 345-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.10.017
[48] M. Su’udi, J. M. Park, W. R. Kang, D. J. Hwang, S. Kim and I. P. Ahn, “Quantification of Rice Sheath Blight Progression Caused by Rhizoctonia solani,” Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 51, No. 3, 2013, pp. 380-388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3274-7
[49] E. T. Iakimova, L. Michalczuk and E. J. Woltering, “Review. Hypersensitive Cell Death in Plants—Its Mechnisms and Role in Plant Defence against Pathogens,” Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, Vol. 13, 2005, pp. 135-158.
[50] J. Wu, Y. Wang, S. T. Kim, S. G. Kim and K. Y. Kang, “Characterization of a Newly Identified Rice Chitinase-Like Protein (OsCLP) Homologous to Xylanase Inhibitor,” BMC Biotechnology, Vol. 13, 2013, p. 4.
[51] J. D. Smith, K. K. Kidwell, M. A. Evans, R. J. Cook and R. W. Smiley, “Assessment of Spring Wheat Genotypes for Disease Reaction to Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 in Controlled Environment and Direct-Seeded Field Evaluations,” Crop Science, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2003, pp. 694-700
http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.0694
[52] M. Tomaso-Peterson and L. E. Trevathan, “Characterization of Rhizoctonia like Fungi Isolated from Agronomic Crops and Turfgrasses in Mississippi,” Plant Disease, Vol. 91, No. 3, 2007, pp. 260-265.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-3-0260
[53] D. E. Carling, “Grouping in Rhizoctonia solani by Hyphal Anastomosis Interactions,” In: B. Sneh, S. Jabaji-Hare, S. Neate and G. Dijst, Eds., Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control, III.1., Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996, pp. 35-48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2901-7_3
[54] V. G. Garcia, M. A. P. Onco and V. R. Susan, “Review. Biology and Systematics of the Form Genus Rhizoctonia,” Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2006, pp. 55-79.
[55] J. Kuhn, R. Rippel and U. Schmidhalter, “Abiotic Soil Properties and the Occurrence of Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot in Sugar Beet,” Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science-Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, Vol. 172, No. 5, 2009, pp. 661-668.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200700186
[56] T. J. Lewandowski, K. E. Dunfield and P. M. Antunes, “Isolate Identity Determines Plant Tolerance to Pathogen Attack in Assembled Mycorrhizal Communities,” PLOS One, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2013, Article ID: E61329.
[57] M. Mazzola, “Manipulation of Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities to Induce Suppressive Soils,” Journal of Nematology, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2007, pp. 213-220.
[58] J. Varga, Z. Naár and C. Dobolyi, “Selective Feeding of Collembolan Species Tomocerus longicornis (Müll.) and Orchesella cincta (L.) on Moss Inhabiting Fungi,” Pedobiologia, Vol. 46, No. 6, 2002, pp. 526-538.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0031-4056-00157
[59] M. Mazzola and Y. H. Gu, “Wheat Genotype-Specific Induction of Soil Microbial Communities Suppressive to Disease Incited by Rhizoctonia solani Anastomosis Group AG-5 and AG-8,” Phytopathology, Vol. 92, No. 12, 2002, pp. 1300-1307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.12.1300
[60] S. A. Deepak, G. Oros, S. G. Sathyanarayana, H. Shekar Shetty and S. Sashikanth, “Antisporulant Activity of Watery Extracts of Plants against Sclerospora graminicola Causing Downy Mildew Disease of Pearl Millet,” American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2007, pp. 36-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2007.36.42
[61] S. A. Deepak, G. Oros, S. G. Sathyanarayana, N. P. Shetty, H. S. Shetty and S. Sashikanth, “Antisporulant Activity of Leaf Extracts of Indian Plants against Sclerospora graminicola Causing Downy Mildew Disease of Pearl Millet,” Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2005, pp. 31-39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400400007558
[62] C. A. Bradley, G. L. Hartman, L. M. Wax and W. L. Pedersen, “Influence of Herbicides on Rhizoctonia Root and Hypocotyl Rot of Soybean,” Crop Protection, Vol. 21, No. 8, 2002, pp. 679-687.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00021-2
[63] H. Lee, S. E. Ullrich, I. C. Burke, J. Yenish and T. C. Paulitz, “Interactions between the Root Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 and Acetolactate-Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicides in Barley,” Pest Management Science, Vol. 68, No. 6, 2012, pp. 845-852.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2336
[64] J. B. S. Haldane, “Disease and Evolution,” La Ricera Scientifica Supplemento, Vol. 19, 1949, pp. 1-11. Reproduced in Current Science, Vol. 63, No. 9-10, 1992, pp. 599-603.
[65] D. J. Lyon, A. J. Bussan, J. O. Evans, C. A. Mallory-Smith and T. F. Peeper, “Pest Management Implications of Glyphosate-Resistant Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the Western United States,” Weed Technology, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2002, pp. 680-690.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0680:PMIOGR]2.0.CO;2
[66] R. Dean, J. A. L. Van Kan, Y. A. Pretorius, K. E. Hammond-Kosack, A. Di Pietro, P. D. Spanu, J. J. Rudd, M. Dickman, R. Kahmann, J. Ellis and G. D. Foster, “The Top 10 Fungal Pathogens in Molecular Plant Pathology,” Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2012, pp. 414-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x
[67] M. G. Cromey, R. C. Butler, H. J. Boddington and A. R. Moorhead, “Effects of Sharp Eyespot on Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in New Zealand,” New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2002, pp. 9-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2002.9514194
[68] K. L. Schroeder and T. C. Paulitz, “Effect of Inoculum Density and Soil Tillage on the Development and Severity of Rhizoctonia Root Rot,” Phytopathology, Vol. 98, No. 3, 2008, pp. 304-314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-98-3-0304
[69] M. Anees, V. Edel-Hermann and C. Steinberg, “Build up of Patches Caused by Rhizoctonia solani,” Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Vol. 42, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1661-1672.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.05.013
[70] K. Kalpana, S. Maruthasalam, T. Rajesh, K. Poovannan, K. K. Kumar, E. Kokiladevi, J. A. J. Raja, D. Sudhakar, R. Velazhahan, R. Samiyappan and P. Balasubramanian, “Engineering Sheath Blight Resistance in Elite Indica Rice Cultivars Using Genes Encoding Defense Proteins,” Plant Science, Vol. 170, No. 2, 2006, pp. 203-215.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.08.002
[71] M. M’hamdi, H. Chikh-Rouhou, N. Boughalleb and J. I. R. de Galarreta, “Ribosome Inactivating Protein of Barley Enhanced Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in Transgenic Potato Cultivar ‘Desiree’ in greenhouse conditions,” Biotechnologie Agronomie Societe et Environnement, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2013, pp. 20-26.
[72] P. A. O’Brien, G. C. MacNish and N. M. K. Milton, “Transgenic Tobacco Plants Show Different Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 and AG 8,” Australasian Plant Pathology, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2001, pp. 221-225.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AP01030
[73] R. Velazhahan, R. Radhajeyalakshmi, R. Thangavelu and S. Muthukrishnan, “An Antifungal Protein Purified from Pearl Millet Seeds Shows Sequence Homology to Lipid Transfer Proteins,” Biologia Plantarum, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2001, pp. 417-421.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012463315579
[74] K. Krishnamurthy, C. Balconi, J. E. Sherwood and M. J. Giroux, “Wheat Puroindolines Enhance Fungal Disease Resistance in Transgenic Rice,” Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Vol. 14, No. 10, 2001, pp. 1255-1260.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.10.1255
[75] D. Q. Luo, H. Wang, X. Tian, H. J. Shao and J. K. Liu, “Antifungal Properties of Pristimerin and Celastrol Isolated from Celastrus hypoleucus,” Pest Management Science, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2005, pp. 85-90.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.953
[76] J. A. Anderson and J. A. Kolmer, “Rust Control in Glyphosate Tolerant Wheat Following Application of the Herbicide Glyphosate,” Plant Disease, Vol. 89, No. 11, 2005, pp. 1136-1142.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-1136
[77] T. Zhu, F. Song and Z. Zheng, “Molecular Characterization of the Rice Pathogenesis-Related Protein, OsPR-4b, and Its Antifungal Activity against Rhizoctonia solani,” Journal of Phytopathology, Vol. 154, No. 6, 2006, pp. 378-384.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01110.x
[78] M. H. Kim, S. C. Park, J. Y. Kim, S. Y. Lee, H. T. Lim, H. Cheong, K. S. Hahm and Y. Park, “Purification and Characterization of a Heat-Stable Serine Protease Inhibitor from the Tubers of New Potato Variety ‘Golden Valley’,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 346, No. 3, 2006, pp. 681-686.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.186
[79] S. M. Zhang, Y. X. Wang, L. Q. Meng, J. Li, X. Y. Zhao, X. Cao, X. L. Chen, A. X. Wang and J. F. Li, “Isolation and Characterization of Antifungal Lipopeptides Produced by Endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TF28,” African Journal of Microbiology Research, Vol. 6, No. 8, 2012, pp. 1747-1755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1025
[80] X. Y. Zhao, X. M. Zhao, Y. M. Wei, Q. X. Shang and Z. P. Liu, “Isolation and Identification of a Novel Antifungal Protein from a Rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilis Strain F3,” Journal of Phytopathology, Vol. 161, No. 1, 2013, pp. 43-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jph.12015
[81] Y. Li, M. P. Zhou, Z. Y. Zhang, L. J. Ren, L. P. Du, B. Q. Zhang, H. J. Xu and Z. Y. Xin, “Expression of a Radish Defensin in Transgenic Wheat Confers Increased Resistance to Fusarium graminearum and Rhizoctonia cerealis,” Functional & Integrative Genomics, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2011, pp. 63-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10142-011-0211-x
[82] P. Faccio, C. Vazquez-Rovere, E. Hopp, G. Gonzalez, C. Decima-Oneto, E. Favret, A. D. Paleo and P. Franzone, “Increased Tolerance to Wheat Powdery Mildew by Heterologous Constitutive Expression of the Solanum chacoense Snakin-1 Gene,” Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Vol. 47, 2011, pp. S135-S141.
[83] J. D. Smith, K. K. Kidwell, M. A. Evans, R. J. Cook and R. W. Smiley, “Evaluation of Spring Cereal Grains and Wild Triticum germplasm for Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani AG-8,” Crop Science, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2003, pp. 701-709. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.0701
[84] G. Kovacs, L. Sagi, G. Jacon, G. Arinaitwe, J. P. Busogoro, E. Thiry, H. Strosse, R. Swennen and S. Remy, “Expression of a Rice Chitinase Gene in Transgenic Banana (‘Gros Michel’, AAA Genome Group) Confers Resistance to Black Leaf Streak Disease,” Transgenic Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2013, pp. 117-130.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-012-9631-1
[85] S. Ignacimuthu and S. A. Ceasar, “Development of Transgenic Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) Resistant to Leaf Blast Disease,” Journal of Biosciences, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2012, pp. 135-147.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12038-011-9178-y
[86] S. Alamri, M. Hashem and Y. S. Mostafa, “In Vitro and In Vivo Biocontrol of Soil-Borne Phytopathogenic Fungi by Certain Bioagents and Their Possible Mode of Action,” Biocontrol Science, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2012, pp. 155-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.4265/bio.17.155
[87] S. Vijayan, N. K. Singh, P. Shukla and P. B. Kirti, “Defensin (TvD1) from Tephrosia villosa Exhibited Strong Anti-Insect and Anti-Fungal Activities in Transgenic Tobacco Plants,” Journal of Pest Science, Vol. 86, No. 2, 2013, pp. 337-344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-012-0467-5
[88] R. C. Foley, C. A. Gleason, J. P. Anderson, T. Hamann and K. B. Singh, “Genetic and Genomic Analysis of Rhizoctonia solani Interactions with Arabidopsis; Evidence of Resistance Mediated through NADPH Oxidases,” PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2013, Article ID: E56814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056814
[89] E. E. Helliwell, Q. Wang and Y. N. Yang, “Transgenic Rice with Inducible Ethylene Production Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance to the Fungal Pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani,” Plant Biotechnology Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2013, pp. 33-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12004
[90] H. Bouzenna and L. Krichen, “Pelargonium graveolens L’Her and Artemisia arborescens L. Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Antifungal Activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Insecticidal Activity against Rhysopertha dominica,” Natural Product Research, Vol. 27, No. 9, 2013, pp. 841-846.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2012.711325
[91] C. H. Liu, W. X. Zou, H. Lu and R. X. Tan, “Antifungal Activity of Artemisia annua Endophyte Cultures against Phytopathogenic Fungi,” Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 88, No. 3, 2001, pp. 277-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00285-1
[92] F. J. Chen, X. H. Long, M. N. Yu, Z. P. Liu, L. Liu and H. B. Shao, “Phenolics and Antifungal Activities Analysis in Industrial Crop Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Leaves,” Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 47, 2013, pp. 339-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.03.027
[93] S. Pietr and G. Oros, “Antifungal Properties of Polypeptide Antibiotics Produced by Some Strains of Bacillus subtilis,” Tagungsbericht der Akademie der Landwirtschafts-Wissenschaften DDR, Vol. 253, 1987, pp. 261-266.
[94] L. Zheng, H. Q. Liu, M. L. Zhang, X. Cao and E. X. Zhou, “The Complete Genomic Sequence of a Novel Mycovirus from Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA Strain B275,” Archives of Virology, Vol. 158, No. 7, 2013, pp. 1609-1612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1637-3
[95] S. McGinley, “Rott Border Cells Defense Plants.”
ag.arizona.edu/pubs/general/resrpt2000/bordercells.pdf
[96] M. C. Hawes, U. Gunawardena, S. Miyasaka and X. Zhao, “The Role of Root Border Cells in Plant Defense,” Trends in Plant Science, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2000, pp. 128-133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01556-9
[97] M. C. Hawes, L. A. Brigham, F. Wen, H. H. Woo and Y. Zhu, “Function of Root Border Cells in Plant Health: Pioneers in the Rhizosphere,” Annual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 36, 1998, pp. 311-327.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.36.1.311
[98] S. A. Deepak, K. R. Kottapalli, K. G. Rakwal, G. Oros, K. S. Rangappa, H. Iwahashi, Y. Masuo and G. K. Agrawal, “Real-Time PCR: Revolutionizing Detection and Expression Analysis of Genes,” Current Genomics, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2007, pp. 234-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920207781386960
[99] F. O. Amulaka, J. N. Maling’a, M. Cakir and R. M. S. Mulwa, “Development and Characterization of Wheat Germplasm with Combined Resistance to Russian Wheat Aphid and Stem Rust (Race ‘Ug99’) in Kenya,” American Journal of Plant Sciences, No. 4, 2013, pp. 767-773.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.44095
[100] S. L. Zeller, O. Kalinina, S. Brunner, B. Keller and B. Schmid, “Transgene 6 Environment Interactions in Genetically Modified Wheat,” PLoS ONE, Vol. 5, No. 7, 2010, Article ID: E11405.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011405
[101] G. K. Agrawal, R. Rakwal and A. Sarkar, “‘Cost of Knowledge’ and ‘Quality of Knowledge’: Looking toward Future,” International Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, p. i. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijlf.v.7i18167

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.