Persistence and Extinction of a Non-Autonomous Plant Disease Model with Roguing* ()
1. Introduction
In the real world, the phenomenon of plant virus diseases is quite widespread; a lot of plant diseases are closely related to people’s lives. In the Middle Ages, European barley developed ergot disease. Eating barley mixed with ergot caused people to be psychedelic, turned black for their limbs, and gangrened. After eating sweet potato with black spot disease by livestock, it can induce asthma or even death in severe cases. Papaya (known as “Beneficial Fruit King”) virus disease in Guangdong Province can’t be cultivated so far. The potato in Ireland stopped production due to potato late blight, which caused 1.1 million people died of starvation, and forced 1.64 million people to flee to North America in 1845-1846 [1]. In 1970, because of the pandemic of corn spot disease in the United States, the yield was reduced by fifteen percent, which was about 16.5 billion kg, and the economic loss was 11 billion US dollars [2].
Therefore, we know a variety of plant diseases which play important roles in not only threatening plant’s lives but also lead to catastrophic economic consequences. With the development of modern technology and the world economy, the problem of plant virus diseases attracts more and more attentions. Millions of plants suffer or die of various virus diseases every year. Plant viruses are important constraints to crop production, and cause serious losses in yield and quality of many crops grown in agriculture, horticulture and forestry [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]. Among various methods to control plant virus diseases in the real world, there are great research efforts on chemical methods, but no chemicals can routinely be used to control viruses in the crop [8]. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective measures to control the spread of plant virus. Methods to prevent virus from reaching the host are well-developed. Cultural control strategy is the most commonly method for controlling plant diseases, and roguing is one of the methods for cultural control strategy [9] [10] [11] [12] [13].
Considerable researches have been using mathematical models for plant virus diseases to describe, analyze, and predict epidemics of plant diseases for the ultimate purposes of developing and testing control strategies and tactics for plant protection [12] - [19]. A mathematical model was proposed by Fishman et al. for the temporal spread of an epidemic in a closed plant population with periodic of the diseased plants [12]. Here, Chan and Jeger [20] considered a plant virus disease model:
(1.1)
The model is derived from the following assumptions.
· The plant population was divided into susceptible S, latently infected E, infectious I and post-infectious R categories.
· There was natural mortality
, which was not attributed to disease and was common to each category. The disease led to an additional mortality
in the post-infectious category owing to the cumulative effect of the disease.
· There was maximum plant population size K, defined in terms of agronomic considerations. The actual total population size was presented by
. Recruitment to the population was by replanting at a rate proportional r to the difference between the actual number of plants present N and maximum population size K.
· The rate of infection was determined by the product number of susceptible and infected plants, and a constant rate
(plants per infectious plants per unit time) divided by K to give uniform dimensions for the rate parameters.
· There were the conversion rates of disease progression
and
, which were from latent to infectious and from infectious to post-infectious, respectively.
The authors studied the disease management by roguing infected plants and replanting susceptible plants in model (1.1). And they also analyzed the case that the roguing was imposed at a constant proportional rate
in the latent stage, infectious stage, or post-infectious stage with respect to system (1.1).
In epidemiology, the latent period is the interval between the onset of spore germination and the appearance of the next spore generation [21]. Therefore, we consider that the plant still has a certain infectivity during the latent period. The importance of the latent period in model has been emphasized by Gumpert et al. [22]. A model was researched by Nakasuji et al. to depict the quantitative changes in pathogen, vector, and host plant populations with a latent period [23]. In addition, the case of the roguing is studied in their work by Chan et al. for latent plants [24]. Therefore, it is necessary to degrade both the latent plant and the infected plant at the same time for system (1.1).
However, because biological and environmental parameters are naturally subject to fluctuation in time, the effects of a periodically varying environment are considered as important selective forces in the system with a fluctuating environment. As far as we know, almost references considered plant disease with both seasonality and human-to-human transmission. Occurrence of plant disease is typically seasonal due climatic factors, physical, and biological factor. Therfore, it is interesting to formulate a more realistic mathematical model model with the seasonality of the changing environment (see [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [25] ).
Based on the above factors, here we propose and analyze a more realistic mathematical model as the following non-autonomous form of system (1.1):
(1.2)
where
denotes the horizontal transmission rate by vectored transmission,
and
denote the roguing (removing) rates of latently infected and infectious plants respectively. Note that the variable R does not appear in the first three equations of system (1.2). This allows us to attack (1.2) by studying the subsystem:
(1.3)
with initial values
(1.4)
This paper is arranged in five parts. Section 2 will introduce preliminaries setting and propositions, which we use to analyze the long-time behavior of system (1.3) in the following sections. The extinction conditions of the disease of system (1.3) will be given in Section 3. In Section 4, we will discuss the permanence of the infectious plants. Some of the corresponding conclusions in this paper are presented in Section 5.
2. Preliminaries
First, we give some assumptions as follows:
(A1) Functions
and
are positive, bounded and continuous on
.
(A2) There exist constants
such that:
Next, we denote by
and
the solutions of:
(2.1)
and
(2.2)
respectively. From [ [26], Lemma 2.1], we have the following results for system (2.1-2.2).
Lemma 2.1. 1) There exist constants
and
, such that every positive solution of Equation (2.1),
, satisfies:
2) There exist constants
and
, such that every positive solution of Equation (2.2),
, satisfies:
3) The solution
of system (1.3) with initial value (1.4) exists, uniformly bounded and
for all
.
Theorem 2.1. Suppose that (A1) and (A2) hold, then there must be constants
and
satisfying
Proof. Set
be any positive solution of system (1.3) with initial conditions (1.4). We can see that
means the size of total plants at time t for system (1.3). From system (1.3), we can get
for all
. By comparison theorem, we have that there exists constant
such that
(2.3)
for all
, where
is the solution of (2.1) with the condition
. On the other hand, from system (1.3), we can get
for all
. By comparison theorem, we have that there exists constant
such that
(2.4)
for all
, where
is the solution of (2.2) with the condition
. From inequalities (2.3) and (2.4), we can easily obtain
(2.5)
for all
. From the above conclusions 1) and 2) of Lemma2.1 and inequality (2.5), we have
(2.6)
that is to say
The proof is completed.
Next, we consider the following non-autonomous linear equation:
(2.7)
Lemma 2.2. Suppose that (A1) holds and there exist constants
such that
then there exists
, such that
for all
, where
is the solution of system (2.7) with the condition
.
For
and
, we define:
and
(2.8)
where
is any solution of system (1.3). We use the following lemmas in order to investigate the long-time behavior of system (1.3).
Lemma 2.3. If there exist positive constants
and
such that
for all
, then there exists
such that either
for all
or
for all
.
Proof. Suppose that there does not exist
such that either
for all
or
for all
hold. Then there necessarily exists
such that
(2.9)
So we have
(2.10)
and
(2.11)
Substituting (2.10) into (2.11) we can get
From 3) of Lemma 2.1, we have
, which is a contradiction.
3. Extinction of Infectious Plants
In this section, we obtain conditions for the extinction of infectious plants of system (1.3).
Theorem 3.1. If there exist positive constants
and
such that
(3.1)
(3.2)
and
for all
, then the infectious plants of system (1.3) is extinct.
Proof. From Lemma 2.3, we only have to consider the following two cases.
1)
for all
.
2)
for all
.
First we consider the case 1). From the second equation of system (1.3), we can get
Hence, we have
(3.3)
for all
. From (3.1) we see that there exist constants
and
such that
(3.4)
for all
. From (3.3) and (3.4), we have
. Then it follows from
for all
that
.
Next we consider the case 2). Since we have
for all
, it follows From the third equation of system (1.3) that
Hence, we can easily get
(3.5)
for all
. Now it follows from (3.2) that there exist constants
and
such that
(3.6)
for all
. From (3.5) and (3.6), we have
.
4. Permanence of Infectious Plants
In this section, we obtain sufficient conditions for the permanence of system (1.3).
Theorem 4.1. If there exist constants
and
such that
(4.1)
(4.2)
and
for all
, then the infectious plants of system (1.3) is permanent.
Before we give the proof of Theorem 4.1, we introduce the following lemma.
Lemma 4.1. If there exist constants
and
such that (4.1), (4.2) and
hold for all
, then
for all
, where
is given as in lemma 2.3.
Proof. From Lemma 2.3 we have only two cases,
for all
or
for all
. Suppose that
for all
. Then we have
for all
. It follows from the third equation of system (1.3) that
for all
. Hence, we have
(4.3)
for all
. From the equality (4.2), we see that there exist constants
and
such that
(4.4)
for all
. Since the inequality (4.3) holds for all
, it follows from (4.4) that
. This contradicts with the boundedness of I, stated in 3) of Lemma 2.1.
Here, we use Lemmas 4.1 in order to prove Theorem 4.1.
Proof. (Proof of Theorem 4.1). For simplicity, let
and
, where
is a constant. From the inequality (2.6) of Theorem 2.1, we can see that for any
, there exists
such that
(4.5)
for all
. The inequality (4.1) implies that for sufficiently small
, there exists
such that
(4.6)
for all
. We define
From (4.5) and (4.6), we see that for positive constants
and
there exist small
, such that
(4.7)
and
(4.8)
hold for all
, where
. From (A2),
can be chosen sufficiently small such that
(4.9)
hold for all
.
First, we claim that
In fact, if it is not true, then there exists
such that
(4.10)
for all
. Now, we only have to consider two cases as follows:
1)
for all
.
2) There exists an
such that
.
First we consider the case 1). From (4.5) and (4.10) and Lemma 4.1, we have
for all
. Thus, from (4.9), we have
, which contradicts with 3) of Lemma 2.1.
Next we consider the case 2). Suppose that there exists an
such that
. Then, we see that there necessarily exists an
such that
and
for all
. Let n be an integer such that
. Then from (4.9), we obtain
which is a contradiction. Therefore, we see that
(4.11)
for all
. Now, from Lemma 4.1, there exists
such that
for all
. So we have
It follows from (4.10) and (4.11), we have
for all
. Hence, we can get
It follows from (4.7) that
and this contradicts with the boundedness of
, stated in 3) of Lemma 2.1.
Thus, we see that our claim
is true.
Next, we prove
where
is a constant given in the following. For convenience, we let
be the least common multiple of
and
. From inequalities (4.7)-(4.9) and assumption (A2), we see that there exist constants
and
, which is an integral multiple of
, and
such that
(4.12)
(4.13)
(4.14)
for all
and
and
is an integral multiple of
. Let
be an integer multiple of
satisfying
(4.15)
where
. It follows from
that there are only two possibilities as follows:
1)
for all
.
2)
oscillates about
for large
.
In case 1), we have
. In case 2), there necessarily exist two constants
such that
a) Suppose that
. Then, from (1.3) we have
(4.16)
Hence, we obtain
(4.17)
for all
.
b) Suppose that
. Then, from (4.16), we have
for all
. Now, we are in a position to show that
for all
. Suppose that
for all
. Then, from (4.12), we have
which is a contradiction. Therefore, there exists an
such that
. Then, as is in the proof of
, we can show that
for all
. Thus we have
(4.18)
for all
. From (4.16), we have
(4.19)
for all
. Thus, from (4.8), (4.18), (4.19), we have
for all
. Hence, from (4.14), we have
(4.20)
Now we suppose that there exists a
such that
,
and
for all
. Note that from Lemma 4.1. without loss of generality, we can assume that
is so large that
for all
. Then, from (4.18), we have
for all
. Thus, from (4.13) and (4.20), we have
Thus, from (4.18), we have
which contradicts with (4.15). Therefore,
for all
, which implies
.
Since
, the infectious plants of system (1.3) is permanent.
From limiting system of system (1.3), we can easily see if the infectious plants persist, then system (1.3) will be lasting.
5. Conclusions
A more objective and meaningful plant virus model with roguing is proposed and analyzed. The model shows rich and complex dynamics. The weaker integral form conditions for permanence and extinction of the model are investigated by constructing auxiliary functions.
Note: If the conclusion of Lemma 2.3 does not hold, we still have another situation for (2.8); then there is
such that
Accordingly, we can construct an auxiliary function
where
and
.
Therefore, we have the following similar conclusions for the persistence and extinction of diseases in this section:
Conclusion 5.1. If there are positive constants
and
such that
(5.1)
(5.2)
and
for all
; then the infectious plants of system (1.3) is extinct.
Conclusion 5.2. If there are constants
and
such that
(5.3)
(5.4)
and
for all
; then the infectious plants of system (1.3) is permanent.
NOTES
*Supported by the Science Fund of Education Department of Jiangxi Province [181361].