N. Soltani et al. / Agricultural Sciences 2 (2011) 451-456
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. Openly accessible at http://www.scirp.org/journal/AS/
455455
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl/safener. In other studies, Xie et al. [4]
found no adverse effect on height of durum wheat with
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl/safener applied POST at 90 g·ai·ha–1.
Sikkema et al. [8] found no adverse effect on plant
height with 2,4-D amine, bromoxynil plus MCPA, or
dichlorprop plus 2,4-D, however dicamba plus MCPA
plus mecoprop reduced height as much as 7% at 600
g·ha–1 and 11% at 1200 g·ha–1 in winter wheat. Martin et
al. [16] reported that dicamba plus 2,4-D amine and
dicamba plus MCPA reduced wheat height 11% and 10%,
respectively. In other studies, plant height reductions of
16% were seen in conventional wheat with POST herbi-
cides such as dicamba, dicamba plus MCPA plus meco-
prop, dicamba plus 2,4-D amine, dicamba plus MCPA,
saflufenacil and mesotrione [8,16-20].
3.3. Yield
There was no adverse effect on the yield of durum
wheat with the post-emergence application of dichlor-
prop/2,4-D, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop, clopyralid, bro-
moxynil/MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil, thifensulfu-
ron/tribenuron + MCPA amine, fluroxypyr + MCPA ester,
tralkoxydim and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl/safener at the manu-
facturers’ recommended dose or twice that dose (Table
2). This is similar to the yield response of winter wheat
with herbicides such as 2,4-D amine, bromoxynil plus
MCPA and dichlorprop plus 2,4-D [8,18,20]. However,
in other studies wheat yields were reduced as much as
39% with dicamba applied POST alone, or in combina-
tion with a phenoxy herbicide [6,16,21,22]. Derksen [23]
reported significant redu ction in wheat yield with MCPA
and 2,4-D applied at 2X doses in the autumn. Tottman
[24] also found that tank-mixes containing dicamba,
2,3,6-TBA, MCPA or mecoprop applied POST to winter
wheat can reduce grain yield. In another study, saflufenacil
applied POST reduced yield of spring wheat 13% [18].
Mesotrione applied POST caused a decrease in the yield
of spring wheat of up to 14% [20]. Hageman and
Behrens [3] found as much as 30% yield reduction with
chlorsulfuron in durum wheat under some environments
at Minnesota, USA.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Based on this study dichlorprop/2,4-D, clopyralid,
bromoxynil/MCPA, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA
amine, fluroxypyr + MCPA ester and tralkoxydim ap-
plied POST at the manufacturers’ recommended dose
can be safely used in durum wheat. However, dicamba/
MCPA/mecoprop, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil and fenoxa-
prop-p-ethyl/safener have potential to cause injury espe-
cially at twice the manufacturers’ recommended dose in
durum wheat. Care must be taken to avoid spray over-
laps as significant crop injury can occur with twice the
manufacturers’ recommended dose in durum wheat with
these herbicides.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge Todd Cowan for his expertise and techni-
cal assistance in these studies. Funding for this project was provided in
part by Grain Farmers of Ontario (GFO) and CanAdvance.
REFERENCES
[1] Canada Food Inspection Agency [CFIA] (2006) The
biology of Triticum turgidum ssp. Durum (Durum wheat).
Ottawa, 16.
[2] International Grains Council (2002) World grains statis-
tics. 13-17.
[3] Hageman L.H. and Behrens, R. (1981) Response of
small-grain cultivars to chlorsulfuron. Weed Science, 29,
414-420.
[4] Xie, H.S., Quick, W.A. and Hsiao, A.I. (1994) Spring
cereal response to imazamethabenz and fenoxaprop-p-
ethyl as influenced by environment. Weed Technology, 8,
713-716.
[5] Lemerle, D., Hinkley, R.B., Kidd, C.R. and Leys, A.R.
(1986) Symptoms of injury caused by herbicides in
wheat and barley. Advisory Bulletin, Department of Ag-
riculture, New South Wales, 4, 1-14.
[6] Rinella, M.J., Kells, J.J. and Ward, R.W. (2001) Re-
sponse of “Wakefield” winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)
to dicamba. Weed Te chnol ogy, 15, 523-529.
doi:10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0523:ROWWWT]2.0.
CO;2
[7] Schroeder, J. and Banks, P.A. (1989) Soft red winter
wheat (Triticum aestivum) response to dicamba and
dicamba plus 2, 4-D. We ed Te chn ology, 3, 67-71.
[8] Sikkema, P.H., Brown, L., Shropshire, C. and Soltani, N.
(2007) Responses of three types of winter wheat (Triti-
cum aestivum L.) to spring-applied post-emergence her-
bicides. Crop Protection, 26, 715-720.
doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.010
[9] Tottman, D.R. (1980) Varietal differences in the tolerance
of cereals to herbicides. Winter Wheat, Crop Conference,
68.
[10] Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs
[OMAFRA] (2010) Guide to weed control. Publication
75, Toronto.
[11] Senseman, S.A. (2007) Herbicide handbook. 9th Edition,
Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, 458.
[12] Statistical Analysis Systems [SAS] (2008) The SAS Sys-
tem for Windows, Release 9.2. Statistical Analysis Sys-
tems Institute, Cary.
[13] Swan, D.G. (1975) Necessity for proper timing of appli-
cation of 2,4-D on winter wheat. Down to Earth, 31,
23-25.
[14] Wicks, G.A., Klein, R.N., Martin, A.R., Lyon, D.J. (1999)
Annual broadleaf weed control in winter wheat. Ne-
braska Cooperative Extension Report G95-1241-A, Ne-
braska.
[15] Bailey, W.A, Wilson H.P, Brann D.E. and Griffey, C.A.
