H. ZHANG, Y. ZHANG
ration lower than male students. According to the Global En-
trepreneurship Monitor Report of China in 2010, the entrepre-
neurial activities of male students were higher than female col-
lege students. Women are more like to pursue a stable life, and
the entrepreneurship has high risk. While men are willing to
create their own business through their own efforts, to satisfy
their own sense of achievement, even going to risk (Lu & Wu,
2011).
However, when male and female entrepreneurs were goal-
oriented and had the experience and enthusiasm, there were no
effect of gender on entrepreneurial behavior (Hisrich & Peter,
1989).Women and immigrants were more inclined to the entre-
preneurial career path than men, or the United States citizens
(O’Reilly & Chatman 1994).
In entrepreneurial consciousness, students of the arts major
are significantly higher than the students of the science major.
Maybe students of the arts major have more thinking on this
factor than the students of the science major, so they score
higher on entrepreneurial consciousness. Junior college stu-
dents are significantly higher than the undergraduate students
on entrepreneurial motivation, and the former are more likely to
succeed in the business than the latter. Entrepreneurs without
college education are prone to failure than the entrepreneurs
who have received college education (Lussier, 1995). Higher
degree does not mean the more success, however, it has a great
impact on entrepreneurial direction, especially in hightech in-
dustry entrepreneurs.
Conclusion
Psychological characteristics of entrepreneurship of college
students by the exploratory factor analysis include five aspects:
entrepreneurial capacity, entrepreneurial belief, entrepreneurial
consciousness, entrepreneurial motivation, and entrepreneurial
determination. In the five factors, the mean of entrepreneurial
consciousness is the highest; the other four factors are almost at
the same level. Those psychological characteristics are not only
essential to entrepreneurship, but also necessary to their future
professional development. However, they give less effort to
improve and train them. There is some difference on psycho-
logical characteristics of entrepreneurship in different types of
students in colleges, such as gender, major, degree, and so on.
Acknowledgements
The research is supported by the Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities (XDJK2009C167), 211 Pro-
ject, National Key Discipline of Basic Psychology, Southwest
University (NSKD11019). I would like to address my highly
appreciation and thanks to it.
REFERENCES
Schramm, C. J. (2009). Everyone has equal opportunities for entrepre-
neurship. In Shanghai College Students Science and Technology In-
novation Fund (Ed.), Entrepreneurial thinking power, Beijing:
CITIC Publishing Group.
Jiang, R. G. (2010). The entrepreneurial Introduction: Entrepreneur-
ship awareness and entrepreneurship, Beijing: Publishing House of
Electronics Industry.
Gong, L., & Xie, L. Y. (2009). Students’ psychological characteristics
of entrepreneurship and countermeasure. Youth Exploration, 3, 68-
72.
Yin, W. (2008). The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report of China
in 2007. URL (last checked 21 November 2008).
http:/www.chinavalue.net
Schramm, C. J. (2006). The entrepreneurial imperative. New York:
Harper Business.
Hisrich, R. D. (2006). Entrepreneurship: Starting, developing, and
managing a new enterprise. Shanghai: Fudan University Press.
Zhang, J. M., Yu, X. F., Fan, W. X., & Yang, S. J. (2011). Students’
entrepreneurial qualities, the ability to upgrade: Status and Prospects.
Economic Research Guide, 114, 289-291.
Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., Boulton, W. R. et al. (1984). Differentiating
entrepreneurs from small business owners: A conceptualization.
Academy of Management Review, 9, 354-359.
Beugelsdijk, S., & Noorderhaven, N. (2005). Personality characteristics
of self-employed: An empirical study. Small Business Economics, 24,
159-167. doi:10.1007/s11187-003-3806-3
Yan, J. W., Ye, X., & Chen, C. F. (2008). An overview on the entre-
preneurial mentality of private entrepreneurs. Psychological Science,
31, 1503-1506.
Mitchell, R. K. (2002). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition:
Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research. Entrepre-
neurship Theory and Practice, 27, 93-104.
doi:10.1111/1540-8520.00001
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000).The promise of entrepreneurship
as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 2, 217-226.
Stewart, W. H., Warren Jr., E. et al. (1997). Proclivity for entrepre-
neurship: A comparison of enterpreneurs, small owners, incorporates
managers. Journal of B usiness Venturing, 14, 18-214.
Wijbenga, F. H., & van Witteloostuijn, A. (2007). Entrepreneurial locus
of control and competitive strategies: The moderating effect of envi-
ronmental dynamism. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28, 566-589.
doi:10.1016/j.joep.2007.04.003
Liu, D. Y. (2002). Entrepreneurship and life design. Wuhan: Hubei
Education Press.
Chen, Y., Lei, Y. S., &Cao, R. R. (2006). Investigation and reflection
of entrepreneurship quality of college students. High Education Ex-
ploration, 4, 80-83.
Li, Z., Li, X. F., & Wan, F. Y. (2010). The development of the ques-
tionnaire of enterprise consciousness of undergraduate. Psychologi-
cal Exploration, 30, 85-89.
Zhang, J. M., Yang, S. J., & Fan, W. X. (2010). Some thinking on
improving college students entrepreneurial ability. Outside school of
China, 3, 33-34.
Fei, Y. Q. (2009). Survey on the entrepreneurial quality of students of
capital university. Education and Occupation, 25, 46-48.
Fu, Z. L., Xie, H. X., & Lan, X. X. (2009). The course of entrepre-
neurship and success education of college students. Hefei: China
Science and Technology University Press.
Gao, G. W., & Duan, C. G. (2009). Practice and thinking of the univer-
sity to promote entrepreneurship. In Shanghai College Students Sci-
ence and Technology Innovation Fund (Ed.), Entrepreneurial think-
ing power (pp. 281-288), Beijing: CITIC Publishing Group.
Wang, Y. D. (2007). A study to identify the personality characteristics
of entrepreneurs and cultivate entrepreneurship. PhD Thesis, Shang-
hai: Tongji University.
Le, S. H., & Du, C. Y. (2011). The research of college students’ entre-
preneurship of Haixi rigion universities. China Electric Power Edu-
cation, 28, 169.
The seventh Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2010) Report of China
was released. URL (last checked 9 January 2012).
http://www.sem.tsinghua.edu.cn
Lu, J., & Wu, J. L. (2011).Survey analysis of college students’ entre-
preneurship. Education Article, 2, 192-194.
Hisrich, R. D., & Peter, M. P. (1989). Entrepreneurship. Boston: Irwin.
O’Reilly, V. A., & Chatman, J. A. (1994). Working smarter and harder:
Longitudinal study of managerial success. Administrative Science
Quarterly, 39, 603-629. doi:10.2307/2393773
Lussier, R. N. (1995). Startup business advice from business owners to
would-be entrepreneurs. Advanced Management Journal, 60, 10-15.
Copyright © 2013 SciRes.
164