Computational Chemistry
Vol.08 No.03(2020), Article ID:101460,16 pages
10.4236/cc.2020.83004

In Situ Characterization of Lopinavir by ATR-FTIR Biospectroscopy

Alireza Heidari1,2

1Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, Irvine, CA, USA

2American International Standards Institute, Irvine, CA, USA

Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received: June 7, 2020; Accepted: July 11, 2020; Published: July 14, 2020

ABSTRACT

Lopinavir is an antiretroviral of the protease inhibitor class (Figure 1 and Figure 2). It is used against HIV infections as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, ritonavir (lopinavir/ritonavir). In the current research, the stimulated ATR-FTIR biospectroscopy of liquid sample of Lopinavir was investigated. The stimulated ATR-FTIR diffractions emitted through focusing the second harmonic laser beam Nd:YAG into the sample were recorded by Echelle spectrometer and ICCD detector. Increasing the energy of laser beam from 2.6 (mJ) to 16 (mJ) led to increase in stimulated ATR-FTIR signal but after breakdown threshold of liquid sample, further increasing energy led to the decrease in stimulating ATR-FTIR signals and for energies higher than 20 (mJ), they were disappeared.

Figure 1. Molecular structure of Lopinavir.

Figure 2. Ball-and-stick model of a Lopinavir molecule, C37H48N4O5 was found in the crystal structure of HIV-1 protease in complex with Lopinavir, reported in [1] (PDB entry: 1MUI; PDB ligand entry: AB1; PDBe ligand entry: AB1). Colour code: Carbon, C: grey Hydrogen, H: white Nitrogen, N: blue Oxygen, O: red Model manipulated and image generated in CCDC Mercury 3.8.

Keywords:

ATR-FTIR Biospectroscopy, Simulation, Lopinavir, Breakdown, Coronavirus Disease-2019, COVID-19, Infection, Protective and Therapeutic Effect, Potent Drug

1. Introduction

ATR-FTIR biospectroscopy is a vibration biospectroscopy based on the influence of ATR-FTIR [2] - [17]. The influence of ATR-FTIR is elastically diffracting the electromagnetic ray due to rotational and vibrational transitions in molecules and its characteristic is changing the energy of diffracted beam photons compared to incident beam [18] - [33]. The difference between wavelength of incident beam light and diffracted light is related to molecular vibrations and is considered as exclusive “chemical finger print” of sample and can be used in identification of molecular compounds on a surface, into a liquid or into the air [34] - [49].

The stimulated ATR-FTIR diffraction is a non-linear effect [50] - [65]. If the pumping intensity exceeds the threshold of this effect, it observes [66] - [81]. The pumping threshold limit for stimulated ATR-FTIR depends on ATR-FTIR active material [82] - [98]. Regarding the spectral characteristics, stimulated ATR-FTIR can be distinguished from normal ATR-FTIR [1] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103]. While the intensity of ATR-FTIR bands are several times smaller than pumping laser intensity in normal ATR-FTIR, the intensity of ATR-FTIR bands in stimulated ATR-FTIR can be similar to laser intensity and for most materials, only strongest ATR-FTIR bands of material are intensified and are dominant in the recorded spectrum of material.

In the current research, the stimulated ATR-FTIR spectrum is obtained through pumping the second harmonic beam laser Nd:YAG and it is performed by a spectrometer and detector. The resulted spectra and their characteristics are investigated here.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a life threatening viral infection caused by a positive, single stranded RNA virus from the enveloped coronaviruse family. Associated with fever, cough, and respiratory complications, the illness causes more than 15% mortality worldwide. So far, there is no remedy for the illness except supportive treatments. However, the main viral proteinase has recently been regarded as a suitable target for drug design against SARS infection due to its vital role in polyproteins processing necessary for coronavirus reproduction.

The present in silico study was designed to evaluate the effects of anti-HIV-1 proteases inhibitors, approved for clinical applications by US FDA, on SARS proteinase inhibition.

In the present study, docking and molecular dynamic experiments were applied to examine the effect of inhibitors on coronavirus proteinase under physiological conditions of similar pH, temperature, and pressure in aqueous solution. Hex software version 5.1 and GROMACS 4.5.5 were used for docking analysis throughout this work.

The calculated parameters such as RMSD, RMSF, MSD, dipole moment, diffusion coefficient, binding energy, and binding site similarity indicated effective binding of inhibitors to SARS proteinase resulting in their structural changes, which coincide with proteinase inhibition.

The inhibitory potency of HIV-1 protease inhibitors to cronovirus proteinase was as follows: LPV > RTV > APV > TPV > SQV. Lopinavir and Saquinavir were the most and the least powerful inhibitors of cronovirus proteinase, respectively.

2. Experimental Arrangement

The experimental arrangement used in the current study is schematically shown in Figure 3. The first harmonic bicolor mirror reflects 1064 nm but passes the second harmonic one. As a result, the first harmonic removes from laser beam. The second harmonic laser Nd:YAG with wavelength of 532 nm and pulse width of 8 ns interacts with the sample after passing through bicolor mirror and lens with focal length of 3.5 cm. The resulted emissions from this interaction filters by an optical system consisting of some lens and optical fiber conducts to Eschelle spectrometer. The necessary time range for collecting spectra and its start time in ICCD detector controls by delayer device. Optical emissions of sample collect and intensifies from the striking moment of laser to sample until 5 ms after that moment. Test was repeated five times for each energy level for laser energy from 2.4 mJ to 29 mJ.

Figure 3. Schematic of stimulated ATR-FTIR biospectroscopy test arrangement.

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 4 shows the normal and stimulated ATR-FTIR spectra. Normal ATR-FTIR spectrum can be obtained when laser beam is not focused on the sample. When laser beam focuses on sample using a lens, non-linear effects stimulate and stronger bands of ATR-FTIR spectrum intensify up to some levels of laser intensity.

By increasing the energy of laser beam, the intensity of main bands of 3333 cm−1 and 3563 cm−1 also are increased and for energy levels higher than 8 mJ, anti-Stokes ATR-FTIR band corresponding to 3333 cm−1 intensifies in the spectrum and can be observed at left hand side of laser line in ATR-FTIR shift of −3333 cm−1. Recording the anti-Stokes band necessitates the occupation of corresponding vibration level through diffraction of Stokes ATR-FTIR (Table 1).

By more increasing the energy level higher than 16 mJ, all four graphs of Figure 5 shows reduction in intensity. The reason for this reduction is creation of spark in the Lopinavir liquid due to increase in energy of laser more than the breakdown threshold of liquid. As a result of this spark, which creates in the center of liquid, laser beam absorbs by liquid and some part of it diffracts and only this part plays a role in creation of stimulated ATR-FTIR. By increasing the energy, beam has higher contribution in making the spark and the diffracted emission which reaches to detector decreases.

4. Conclusions, Summary, Useful Suggestions, Outlook, Perspective and Future Studies

The stimulated ATR-FTIR biospectroscopy test was performed for liquid sample of Lopinavir. The main band at 3333 cm−1 shows an intensity level comparable to pumping laser intensity. The intensity of stimulated ATR-FTIR spectrum at

Table 1. ATR-FTIR modes for Lopinavir.

Figure 4. (a) Normal and (b) stimulated ATR-FTIR spectra for Lopinavir.

Figure 5. Peak intensity (a) band 1593 cm−1, (b) 1927 cm−1, (c) band 3333 cm−1, (d) band 3563 cm−1 and (e) band −3333 cm−1 based on increase in energy level of beam focused on the liquid.

16 mJ energy level is the highest intensity in this test and more increasing the energy level reduces the intensity of spectrum. The reason for this reduction is creation of spark in the Lopinavir liquid due to increase in energy of laser more than the breakdown threshold of Lopinavir.

Taking into consideration our findings and the available clinical evidence on the usefulness of anti-HIV-1 protease inhibitors for SARS infection treatment, tested inhibitors can be ranked based on their inhibitory potency as follows: LPV < RTV < APV < TPV < SQV. In the absence of even a single effective drug for SARS treatment, our findings represent a promising pharmaceutical perspective for the disease therapy via Mpro inhibition.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Heidari, A. (2020) In Situ Characterization of Lopinavir by ATR-FTIR Biospectroscopy. Computational Chemistry, 8, 27-42. https://doi.org/10.4236/cc.2020.83004

References

  1. 1. Stoll, V., Qin, W.Y., Stewart, K.D., Jakob, C., Park, C., Walter, K., Simmer, R.L., Helfrich, R., Bussiere, D., Kao, J., Kempf, D., Sham, H.L. and Norbeck, D.W. (2002) X-Ray Crystallographic Structure of ABT-378 (Lopinavir) Bound to HIV-1 Protease. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 10, 2803-2806. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0896(02)00051-2

  2. 2. Heidari, A. and Brown, C. (2015) Study of Composition and Morphology of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles for Eliminating Cancer Cells. Journal of Nanomedicine Research, 2, 20. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2015.02.00042

  3. 3. Heidari, A. and Brown, C. (2015) Study of Surface Morphological, Phytochemical and Structural Characteristics of Rhodium (III) Oxide (Rh2O3) Nanoparticles. International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine, 1, 15-19. https://doi.org/10.18052/https://www.scipress.com/IJPPE.1.15

  4. 4. Heidari, A. (2016) An Experimental Biospectroscopic Study on Seminal Plasma in Determination of Semen Quality for Evaluation of Male Infertility. International Journal of Advancements in Technology, 7, e007. https://doi.org/10.4172/0976-4860.1000e007

  5. 5. Heidari, A. (2016) Extraction and Preconcentration of N-Tolyl-Sulfonyl-Phosph-oramid-Saeure-Dichlorid as an Anti-Cancer Drug from Plants: A Pharmacognosy Study. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, 2, e103. https://doi.org/10.4172/2472-0992.1000e103

  6. 6. Heidari, A. (2016) A Thermodynamic Study on Hydration and Dehydration of DNA and RNA-Amphiphile Complexes. Journal of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, S, 006.https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9538.S3-006

  7. 7. Heidari, A. (2016) Computational Studies on Molecular Structures and Carbonyl and Ketene Groups’ Effects of Singlet and Triplet Energies of Azidoketene O=C=CH-NNN and Isocyanatoketene O=C=CH-N=C=O. Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, 5, e142. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9679.1000e142

  8. 8. Heidari, A. (2016) Study of Irradiations to Enhance the Induces the Dissociation of Hydrogen Bonds between Peptide Chains and Transition from Helix Structure to Random Coil Structure Using ATR-FTIR, Raman and 1HNMR Spectroscopies. Journal of Biomolecular Research and Therapeutics, 5, e146. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7956.1000e146

  9. 9. Heidari, A. (2016) Future Prospects of Point Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Fluorescence Imaging and Fluorescence Endoscopy in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) for Cancer Cells. Journal of Bioanalysis & Biomedicine, 8, e135. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-593X.1000e135

  10. 10. Heidari, A. (2016) A Bio-Spectroscopic Study of DNA Density and Color Role as Determining Factor for Absorbed Irradiation in Cancer Cells. Advance in Cancer Prevention, 1, e102. https://doi.org/10.4172/2472-0429.1000e102

  11. 11. Heidari, A. (2016) Manufacturing Process of Solar Cells Using Cadmium Oxide (CdO) and Rhodium (III) Oxide (Rh2O3) Nanoparticles. Journal of Biotechnology and Biomaterials, 6, e125. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000e125

  12. 12. Heidari, A. (2016) A Novel Experimental and Computational Approach to Photobiosimulation of Telomeric DNA/RNA: A Biospectroscopic and Photobiological Study. Journal of Research & Development, 4, 144. https://doi.org/10.21767/2254-6081.100086

  13. 13. Heidari, A. (2016) Biochemical and Pharmacodynamical Study of Microporous Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Selective for Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Oritavancin, Telavancin and Dalbavancin Binding. Biochemistry and Physiology, 5, e146. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9652.1000e146

  14. 14. Heidari, A. (2016) Anti-Cancer Effect of UV Irradiation at Presence of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles on DNA of Cancer Cells: A Photodynamic Therapy Study. Archives in Cancer Research, 4, 1. https://doi.org/10.21767/2254-6081.100061

  15. 15. Heidari, A. (2016) Biospectroscopic Study on Multi-Component Reactions (MCRs) in Two A-Type and B-Type Conformations of Nucleic Acids to Determine Ligand Binding Modes, Binding Constant and Stability of Nucleic Acids in Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles-Nucleic Acids Complexes as Anti-Cancer Drugs. Archives in Cancer Research, 4, 2.https://doi.org/10.21767/2254-6081.100065

  16. 16. Heidari, A. (2016) Simulation of Temperature Distribution of DNA/RNA of Human Cancer Cells Using Time-Dependent Bio-Heat Equation and Nd:YAG Lasers. Archives in Cancer Research, 4, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2254-6081.100069

  17. 17. Heidari, A. (2016) Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) Approximation for Cadmium Oxide (CdO) and Rhodium (III) Oxide (Rh2O3) Nanoparticles as Anti-Cancer Drugs for the Catalytic Formation of Proviral DNA from Viral RNA Using Multiple Linear and Non-Linear Correlation Approach. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research, 4, 1.https://doi.org/10.21767/2386-5180.100076

  18. 18. Heidari, A. (2016) Biomedical Study of Cancer Cells DNA Therapy Using Laser Irradiations at Presence of Intelligent Nanoparticles. Journal of Biomedical Science, 5, 2.https://doi.org/10.4172/2254-609X.100023

  19. 19. Heidari, A. (2016) Measurement the Amount of Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol), Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) and Absorbable Calcium (Ca2+), Iron (II) (Fe2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Phosphate (PO¯4) and Zinc (Zn2+) in Apricot Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Spectroscopic Techniques. Journal of Biometrics and Biostatistics, 7, 292.https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000292

  20. 20. Heidari, A. (2016) Spectroscopy and Quantum Mechanics of the Helium Dimer (He2+), Neon Dimer (Ne2+), Argon Dimer (Ar2+), Krypton Dimer (Kr2+), Xenon Dimer (Xe2+), Radon Dimer (Rn2+) and Ununoctium Dimer (Uuo2+) Molecular Cations. Chemical Sciences Journal, 7, e112. https://doi.org/10.4172/2150-3494.1000e112

  21. 21. Heidari, A. (2016) Human Toxicity Photodynamic Therapy Studies on DNA/RNA Complexes as a Promising New Sensitizer for the Treatment of Malignant Tumors Using Bio-Spectroscopic Techniques. Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, 7, e129. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7609.1000e129

  22. 22. Heidari, A. (2016) Novel and Stable Modifications of Intelligent Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles as Anti-Cancer Drug in Formation of Nucleic Acids Complexes for Human Cancer Cells’ Treatment. Biochemical Pharmacology (Los Angel), 5, 207. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0501.1000207

  23. 23. Heidari, A. (2016) A Combined Computational and QM/MM Molecular Dynamics Study on Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNTs), Amorphous Boron Nitride Nanotubes (a-BNNTs) and Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanotubes (h-BNNTs) as Hydrogen Storage. Structural Chemistry & Crystallography Communication, 2, 1.

  24. 24. Heidari, A. (2016) Pharmaceutical and Analytical Chemistry Study of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles Synthesis Methods and Properties as Anti-Cancer Drug and its Effect on Human Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry: Open Access, 2, 113.https://doi.org/10.4172/2471-2698.1000113

  25. 25. Heidari, A. (2016) A Chemotherapeutic and Biospectroscopic Investigation of the Interaction of Double-Standard DNA/RNA-Binding Molecules with Cadmium Oxide (CdO) and Rhodium (III) Oxide (Rh2O3) Nanoparticles as Anti-Cancer Drugs for Cancer Cells’ Treatment. Chemotherapy: Open Access, 5, e129. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7700.1000e129

  26. 26. Heidari, A. (2016) Pharmacokinetics and Experimental Therapeutic Study of DNA and Other Biomolecules Using Lasers: Advantages and Applications. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Experimental Therapeutics, 1, e005.

  27. 27. Heidari, A. (2016) Determination of Ratio and Stability Constant of DNA/RNA in Human Cancer Cells and Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles Complexes Using Analytical Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Techniques. Insights in Analytical Electrochemistry, 2, 1.https://doi.org/10.21767/2470-9867.1000e101

  28. 28. Heidari, A. (2016) Discriminate between Antibacterial and Non-Antibacterial Drugs Artificial Neutral Networks of a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Type Using a Set of Topological Descriptors. Journal of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Diseases, 1, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2473-6457.100009

  29. 29. Heidari, A. (2016) Combined Theoretical and Computational Study of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Chaotic Reaction and Curtius Rearrangement for Synthesis of Mechlorethamine, Cisplatin, Streptozotocin, Cyclophosphamide, Melphalan, Busulphan and BCNU as Anti-Cancer Drugs. Insights in Medical Physics, 1, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2472-1956.100015

  30. 30. Heidari, A. (2016) A Translational Biomedical Approach to Structural Arrangement of Amino Acids’ Complexes: A Combined Theoretical and Computational Study. Translational Biomedicine, 7, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2172-0479.100072

  31. 31. Heidari, A. (2016) Ab Initio and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Studies of Dynamic NMR Shielding Tensors and Vibrational Frequencies of DNA/RNA and Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles Complexes in Human Cancer Cells. Journal of Nanomedicine and Biotherapeutic Discovery, 6, e144. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-983X.1000e144

  32. 32. Heidari, A. (2016) Molecular Dynamics and Monte-Carlo Simulations for Replacement Sugars in Insulin Resistance, Obesity, LDL Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Glycobiological Study. Journal of Glycobiology, 5, e111. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-958X.1000e111

  33. 33. Heidari, A. (2016) Synthesis and Study of 5-[(Phenylsulfonyl)Amino]-1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2-Sulfonamide as Potential Anti-Pertussis Drug Using Chromatography and Spectroscopy Techniques. Journal of Translational Medicine (Sunnyvale), 6, e138. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1025.1000e137

  34. 34. Heidari, A. (2016) Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Sulphur Heterocyclic Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Separation in the Supercritical Fluid of Ozone (O3) Using Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) and Pang-Robinson (PR) Equations. Electronic Journal of Biology, 12, 4.

  35. 35. Heidari, A. (2016) An Analytical and Computational Infrared Spectroscopic Review of Vibrational Modes in Nucleic Acids. Austin Journal of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 3, 1058.

  36. 36. Heidari, A. and Brown, C. (2016) Phase, Composition and Morphology Study and Analysis of Os-Pd/HfC Nanocomposites. Nano Research & Applications, 2, 1.

  37. 37. Heidari, A. and Brown, C. (2016) Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of Intensities and Shifts of Symmetric Vibration Modes of Ozone Diluted by Cumene. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry, 4, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v4i1.6080

  38. 38. Heidari, A. (2016) Study of the Role of Anti-Cancer Molecules with Different Sizes for Decreasing Corresponding Bulk Tumor Multiple Organs or Tissues. Archives of Medical Research, 4, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2254-6081.100083

  39. 39. Heidari, A. (2016) Genomics and Proteomics Studies of Zolpidem, Necopidem, Alpidem, Saripidem, Miroprofen, Zolimidine, Olprinone and Abafungin as Anti-Tumor, Peptide Antibiotics, Antiviral and Central Nervous System (CNS) Drugs. Journal of Data mining in Genomics and Proteomics, 7, e125. https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0602.1000e125

  40. 40. Heidari, A. (2016) Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics Studies of Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) Inhibitors and Paclitaxel Albumin-Stabilized Nanoparticles as Sandwiched Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs between Two DNA/RNA Molecules of Human Cancer Cells. Journal of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, 7, e153.https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-0645.1000e153

  41. 41. Heidari, A. (2016) Biotranslational Medical and Biospectroscopic Studies of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles-DNA/RNA Straight and Cycle Chain Complexes as Potent Anti-Viral, Anti-Tumor and Anti-Microbial Drugs: A Clinical Approach. Translational Biomedicine, 7, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2172-0479.100076

  42. 42. Heidari, A. (2016) A Comparative Study on Simultaneous Determination and Separation of Adsorbed Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles on DNA/RNA of Human Cancer Cells Using Biospectroscopic Techniques and Dielectrophoresis (DEP) Method. Archives of Medical Research, 4, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2254-6081.100086

  43. 43. Heidari, A. (2016) Cheminformatics and System Chemistry of Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Nedaplatin, Oxaliplatin, Heptaplatin and Lobaplatin as Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study. Journal of Information and Data Mining, 1, 3.https://doi.org/10.21767/2472-1956.100015

  44. 44. Heidari, A. (2016) Linear and Non-Linear Quantitative Structure-Anti-Cancer-Activity Relationship (QSACAR) Study of Hydrous Ruthenium (IV) Oxide (RuO2) Nanoparticles as Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) and Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs. Journal of Integrative Oncology, 5, e110. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6771.1000e110

  45. 45. Heidari, A. (2016) Synthesis, Characterization and Biospectroscopic Studies of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles-Nucleic Acids Complexes Absence of Soluble Polymer as a Protective Agent Using Nucleic Acids Condensation and Solution Reduction Method. Journal of Nanosciences: Current Research, 1, e101. https://doi.org/10.4172/2572-0813.1000e101

  46. 46. Heidari, A. (2016) Coplanarity and Collinearity of 4’-Dinonyl-2,2’-Bithiazole in One Domain of Bleomycin and Pingyangmycin to be Responsible for Binding of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles to DNA/RNA Bidentate Ligands as Anti-Tumor Nano Drug. International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 8, 007-008.

  47. 47. Heidari, A. (2016) A Pharmacovigilance Study on Linear and Non-Linear Quantitative Structure (Chromatographic) Retention Relationships (QSRR) Models for the Prediction of Retention Time of Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs under Synchrotron Radiations. Journal of Pharmacovigilance, 4, e161. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6887.1000e161

  48. 48. Heidari, A. (2016) Nanotechnology in Preparation of Semipermeable Polymers. Journal of Advanced Chemical Engineering, 6, 157. https://doi.org/10.4172/2090-4568.1000157

  49. 49. Heidari, A. (2016) A Gastrointestinal Study on Linear and Non-Linear Quantitative Structure (Chromatographic) Retention Relationships (QSRR) Models for Analysis 5-Aminosalicylates Nano Particles as Digestive System Nano Drugs under Synchrotron Radiations. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Digestive System, 6, e119. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-069X.1000e119

  50. 50. Heidari, A. (2016) DNA/RNA Fragmentation and Cytolysis in Human Cancer Cells Treated with Diphthamide Nano Particles Derivatives. Biomedical Data Mining, 5, e102.https://doi.org/10.4172/2090-4924.1000e102

  51. 51. Heidari, A. (2016) A Successful Strategy for the Prediction of Solubility in the Construction of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) under Synchrotron Radiations Using Genetic Function Approximation (GFA) Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 1, 1.https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0249.1000516

  52. 52. Heidari, A. (2016) Computational Study on Molecular Structures of C20, C60, C240, C540, C960, C2160 and C3840 Fullerene Nano Molecules under Synchrotron Radiations Using Fuzzy Logic. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 5, 282. https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000282

  53. 53. Heidari, A. (2016) Graph Theoretical Analysis of Zigzag Polyhexamethylene Biguanide, Polyhexamethylene Adipamide, Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Gauze and Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Hydrochloride (PHMB) Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNTs), Amorphous Boron Nitride Nanotubes (a-BNNTs) and Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanotubes (h-BNNTs). Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, 5, e143. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9679.1000e143

  54. 54. Heidari, A. (2016) The Impact of High Resolution Imaging on Diagnosis. International Journal of Clinical & Medical Images, 3, 1000e101. https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0249.1000e101

  55. 55. Heidari, A. (2016) A Comparative Study of Conformational Behavior of Isotretinoin (13-Cis Retinoic Acid) and Tretinoin (All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA)) Nano Particles as Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs under Synchrotron Radiations Using Hartree-Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Methods. Insights in Biomedicine, 1, 2.

  56. 56. Heidari, A. (2016) Advances in Logic, Operations and Computational Mathematics. Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, 5, 5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9679.1000e144

  57. 57. Heidari, A. (2016) Mathematical Equations in Predicting Physical Behavior. Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, 5, 5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9679.1000e145

  58. 58. Heidari, A. (2016) Chemotherapy a Last Resort for Cancer Treatment. Chemotherapy: Open Access, 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7700.1000e130

  59. 59. Heidari, A. (2016) Separation and Pre-Concentration of Metal Cations-DNA/RNA Chelates Using Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry with Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation and Various Analytical Methods. Mass Spectrometry & Purification Techniques, 2, e101. https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-9861.1000e101

  60. 60. Heidari, A. (2016) Yoctosecond Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) under Synchrotron Radiations Studies for Prediction of Solubility of Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs in Aqueous Solutions Using Genetic Function Approximation (GFA) Algorithm. Insight Pharma Reports, 1, 1.

  61. 61. Heidari, A. (2016) Cancer Risk Prediction and Assessment in Human Cells under Synchrotron Radiations Using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) and Quantitative Structure Properties Relationship (QSPR) Studies. International Journal of Clinical & Medical Images, 3, 516. https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0249.1000516

  62. 62. Heidari, A. (2016) A Novel Approach to Biology. Electronic Journal of Biology, 12, 4.

  63. 63. Heidari, A. (2016) Innovative Biomedical Equipment’s for Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, 6, 1000e124. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9538.1000e124

  64. 64. Heidari, A. (2016) Integrating Precision Cancer Medicine into Healthcare, Medicare Reimbursement Changes and the Practice of Oncology: Trends in Oncology Medicine and Practices. Journal of Oncology Medicine and Practice, 1, 1000e126. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9538.1000e126

  65. 65. Heidari, A. (2016) Promoting Convergence in Biomedical and Biomaterials Sciences and Silk Proteins for Biomedical and Biomaterials Applications: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine and Bioengineering Perspectives. Journal of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, 6, 3.

  66. 66. Heidari, A. (2017) X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffraction Analysis on Discrete Element Modeling of Nano Powder Metallurgy Processes in Optimal Container Design. Journal of Powder Metallurgy & Mining, 6, 1.

  67. 67. Heidari, A. (2017) Biomolecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Nano-Sized Molecules and Clusters as Cross-Linking-Induced Anti-Cancer and Immune-Oncology Nano Drugs Delivery in DNA/RNA of Human Cancer Cells’ Membranes under Synchrotron Radiations: A Payload-Based Perspective. Archives in Chemical Research, 1, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2572-4657.100011

  68. 68. Heidari, A. (2017) Deficiencies in Repair of Double-Standard DNA/RNA-Binding Molecules Identified in Many Types of Solid and Liquid Tumors Oncology in Human Body for Advancing Cancer Immunotherapy Using Computer Simulations and Data Analysis: Number of Mutations in a Synchronous Tumor Varies by Age and Type of Synchronous Cancer. Journal of Applied Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, 6, 1. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9533.1000e104

  69. 69. Heidari, A. (2017) Electronic Coupling among the Five Nanomolecules Shuts Down Quantum Tunneling in the Presence and Absence of an Applied Magnetic Field for Indication of the Dimer or other Provide Different Influences on the Magnetic Behavior of Single Molecular Magnets (SMMs) as Qubits for Quantum Computing. Global Journal of Research and Review, 4, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2393-8854.100019

  70. 70. Heidari, A. (2017) Polymorphism in Nano-Sized Graphene Ligand-Induced Transformation of Au38-xAgx/xCux(SPh-tBu)24 to Au36-xAgx/xCux(SPh-tBu)24 (x = 1-12) Nanomolecules for Synthesis of Au144-xAgx/xCux[(SR)60, (SC4)60, (SC6)60, (SC12)60, (PET)60, (p-MBA)60, (F)60, (Cl)60, (Br)60, (I)60, (At)60, (Uus)60 and (SC6H13)60] Nano Clusters as Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs. Journal of Nanomaterials & Molecular Nanotechnology, 6, 3.https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-8777.1000109e

  71. 71. Heidari, A. (2017) Biomedical Resource Oncology and Data Mining to Enable Resource Discovery in Medical, Medicinal, Clinical, Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Translational Research and Their Applications in Cancer Research. International Journal of Biomedical Data Mining, 6, e103. https://doi.org/10.4172/2090-4924.1000e103

  72. 72. Heidari, A. (2017) Study of Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Dosing, Stability, Safety and Efficacy of Olympiadane Nanomolecules as Agent for Cancer Enzymotherapy, Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Hormone Therapy and Targeted Therapy under Synchrotorn Radiation. Journal of Developing Drugs, 6, e154. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.1000e154

  73. 73. Heidari, A. (2017) A Novel Approach to Future Horizon of Top Seven Biomedical Research Topics to Watch in 2017: Alzheimer’s, Ebola, Hypersomnia, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Tuberculosis (TB), Microbiome/Antibiotic Resistance and Endovascular Stroke. Journal of Bioengineering and Biomedical Science, 7, e127. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9538.1000e127

  74. 74. Heidari, A. (2017) Opinion on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Technique. Fluid Mechanics: Open Access, 4, 157. https://doi.org/10.4172/2476-2296.1000157

  75. 75. Heidari, A. (2017) Concurrent Diagnosis of Oncology Influence Outcomes in Emergency General Surgery for Colorectal Cancer and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Treatment Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Au329(SR)84, Au329-xAgx(SR)84, Au144(SR)60, Au68(SR)36, Au30(SR)18, Au102(SPh)44, Au38(SPh)24, Au38(SC2H4Ph)24, Au21S(SAdm)15, Au36(pMBA)24 and Au25(pMBA)18 Nano Clusters. Journal of Surgery and Emergency Medicine, 1, 21.

  76. 76. Heidari, A. (2017) Developmental Cell Biology in Adult Stem Cells Death and Autophagy to Trigger a Preventive Allergic Reaction to Common Airborne Allergens under Synchrotron Radiation Using Nanotechnology for Therapeutic Goals in Particular Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy). Cell Biology (Henderson, NV), 6, e117. https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9293.1000e117

  77. 77. Heidari, A. (2017) Changing Metal Powder Characteristics for Elimination of the Heavy Metals Toxicity and Diseases in Disruption of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteins Adjustment in Cancer Metastases Induced by Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Carcinoid, Carcinoma, Ewing’s Sarcoma, Fibrosarcoma and Secondary Hematopoietic Solid or Soft Tissue Tumors. Journal of Powder Metallurgy & Mining, 6, 170. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9806.1000170

  78. 78. Heidari, A. (2017) Nanomedicine-Based Combination Anti-Cancer Therapy between Nucleic Acids and Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs in Covalent Nano Drugs Delivery Systems for Selective Imaging and Treatment of Human Brain Tumors Using Hyaluronic Acid, Alguronic Acid and Sodium Hyaluronate as Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs and Nucleic Acids Delivery under Synchrotron Radiation. American Journal of Drug Delivery, 5, 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2321-547X.1000016

  79. 79. Heidari, A. (2017) Clinical Trials of Dendritic Cell Therapies for Cancer Exposing Vulnerabilities in Human Cancer Cells’ Metabolism and Metabolomics: New Discoveries, Unique Features Inform New Therapeutic Opportunities, Biotech’s Bumpy Road to the Market and Elucidating the Biochemical Programs That Support Cancer Initiation and Progression. Journal of Biological and Medical Sciences, 1, e103.

  80. 80. Heidari, A. (2017) The Design Graphene-Based Nanosheets as a New Nanomaterial in Anti-Cancer Therapy and Delivery of Chemotherapeutics and Biological Nano Drugs for Liposomal Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs and Gene Delivery. British Biomedical Bulletin, 5, 305.

  81. 81. Haidari, A. (2017) Integrative Approach to Biological Networks for Emerging Roles of Proteomics, Genomics and Transcriptomics in the Discovery and Validation of Human Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers from DNA/RNA Sequencing Data under Synchrotron Radiation. Transcriptomics, 5, e117. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8936.1000e117

  82. 82. Heidari, A. (2017) Elimination of the Heavy Metals Toxicity and Diseases in Disruption of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteins and Cell Adhesion Intelligent Nanomolecules Adjustment in Cancer Metastases Using Metalloenzymes and under Synchrotron Radiation. Letters in Health and Biological Sciences, 2, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.15436/2475-6245.17.019

  83. 83. Heidari, A. (2017) Treatment of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases through a Targeted Nanomolecule Drug Delivery System Based on Dopamine Functionalized Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Coated with Nano Graphene Oxide (GO) and Protonated Polyaniline (PANI) in Situ During the Polymerization of Aniline Autogenic Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs under Synchrotron Radiation. British Journal of Research, 4, 16. https://doi.org/10.21767/2394-3718.100016

  84. 84. Heidari, A. (2017) Sedative, Analgesic and Ultrasound-Mediated Gastrointestinal Nano Drugs Delivery for Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedure, Nano Drug-Induced Gastrointestinal Disorders and Nano Drug Treatment of Gastric Acidity. Research and Reports in Gastroenterology, 1, 1.

  85. 85. Heidari, A. (2017) Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Dosing, Stability, Safety and Efficacy of Orphan Nano Drugs to Treat High Cholesterol and Related Conditions and to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Emerging Drugs, 5, e104. https://doi.org/10.4172/2380-9477.1000e104

  86. 86. Heidari, A. (2017) Non-Linear Compact Proton Synchrotrons to Improve Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Treatments and Diagnostics through Particle Therapy Accelerators with Monochromatic Microbeams. Journal of Cell Biology and Molecular Science, 2, 1-5.

  87. 87. Heidari, A. (2017) Design of Targeted Metal Chelation Therapeutics Nanocapsules as Colloidal Carriers and Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Translocation to Targeted Deliver Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs into the Human Brain to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Nanotechnology & Material Science, 4, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15436/2377-1372.17.1591

  88. 88. Gobato, R. and Heidari, A. (2017) Calculations Using Quantum Chemistry for Inorganic Molecule Simulation BeLi2SeSi. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 5, 76-85.https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20170505.13

  89. 89. Heidari, A. (2017) Different High-Resolution Simulations of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Oncology of Human Lung Cancer Translational Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery Treatment Process under Synchrotron and X-Ray Radiations. Journal of Medical Oncology, 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.36959/915/571

  90. 90. Heidari, A. (2017) A Modern Ethnomedicinal Technique for Transformation, Prevention and Treatment of Human Malignant Gliomas Tumors into Human Benign Gliomas Tumors under Synchrotron Radiation. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 4, 10.

  91. 91. Heidari, A. (2017) Active Targeted Nanoparticles for Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier for Human Brain Cancer Treatment, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer’s Diseases Using Chemical Modifications of Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs or Drug-Nanoparticles through Zika Virus (ZIKV) Nanocarriers under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, 2, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15436/2575-808X.17.1594

  92. 92. Heidari, A. (2017) Investigation of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Estradiol, Mestranol (Norlutin), Norethindrone (NET), Norethisterone Acetate (NETA), Norethisterone Enanthate (NETE) and Testosterone Nanoparticles as Biological Imaging, Cell Labeling, Anti-Microbial Agents and Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs in Nanomedicines Based Drug Delivery Systems for Anti-Cancer Targeting and Treatment. Parana Journal of Science and Education, 3, 10-19.

  93. 93. Heidari, A. (2017) A Comparative Computational and Experimental Study on Different Vibrational Biospectroscopy Methods, Techniques and Applications for Human Cancer Cells in Tumor Tissues Simulation, Modeling, Research, Diagnosis and Treatment. Open Journal of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 1, 14-20. https://doi.org/10.17352/ojabc.000003

  94. 94. Heidari, A. (2017) Combination of DNA/RNA Ligands and Linear/Non-Linear Visible-Synchrotron Radiation-Driven N-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles Photocatalysts Channels Resulted in an Interesting Synergistic Effect Enhancing Catalytic Anti-Cancer Activity. Enzyme Engineering, 6, 1.

  95. 95. Heidari, A. (2017) Modern Approaches in Designing Ferritin, Ferritin Light Chain, Transferrin, Beta-2 Transferrin and Bacterioferritin-Based Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Encapsulating Nanosphere as DNA-Binding Proteins from Starved Cells (DPS). Modern Approaches in Drug Designing, 1, MADD.000504. https://doi.org/10.31031/MADD.2017.01.000504

  96. 96. Heidari, A. (2017) Potency of Human Interferon β-1a and Human Interferon β-1b in Enzymotherapy, Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Hormone Therapy and Targeted Therapy of Encephalomyelitis Disseminate/Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F and G Virus Enter and Targets Liver Cells. Journal of Proteomics & Enzymology, 6, e109. https://doi.org/10.4172/2470-1289.1000e109

  97. 97. Heidari, A. (2017) Transport Therapeutic Active Targeting of Human Brain Tumors Enable Anti-Cancer Nanodrugs Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) to Treat Brain Diseases Using Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics, 4, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15436/2377-1313.17.034

  98. 98. Heidari, A. and Brown, C. (2017) Combinatorial Therapeutic Approaches to DNA/RNA and Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), Fluoxetine Hydrochloride (Prozac and Sarafem), Propofol (Diprivan), Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) (Aspirin), Naproxen Sodium (Aleve and Naprosyn) and Dextromethamphetamine Nanocapsules with Surface Conjugated DNA/RNA to Targeted Nano Drugs for Enhanced Anti-Cancer Efficacy and Targeted Cancer Therapy Using Nano Drugs Delivery Systems. Annals of Advances in Chemistry, 1, 61-69.https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.aac.1001008

  99. 99. Heidari, A. (2017) High-Resolution Simulations of Human Brain Cancer Translational Nano Drugs Delivery Treatment Process under Synchrotron Radiation. Journal of Translational Research, 1, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.36959/915/571

  100. 100. Heidari, A. (2017) Investigation of Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs’ Effects’ Trend on Human Pancreas Cancer Cells and Tissues Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment Process under Synchrotron and X-Ray Radiations with the Passage of Time Using Mathematica. Current Trends in Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 1, 36-41. https://doi.org/10.36959/525/437

  101. 101. Heidari, A. (2017) Pros and Cons Controversy on Molecular Imaging and Dynamics of Double-Standard DNA/RNA of Human Preserving Stem Cells-Binding Nano Molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone Derivatives through Tracking of Helium-4 Nucleus (Alpha Particle) Using Synchrotron Radiation. Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, 1, 67-100. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.hjb.1001007

  102. 102. Heidari, A. (2017) Visualizing Metabolic Changes in Probing Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Metabolism Using Vivo 1H or Proton NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR and 31P NMR Spectroscopy and Self-Organizing Maps under Synchrotron Radiation. SOJ Materials Science & Engineering, 5, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmse.2017.00150

  103. 103. Heidari, A. (2017) Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS), Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy, Cold Vapour Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Correlation Spectroscopy Comparative Study on Malignant and Benign Human Cancer Cells and Tissues with the Passage of Time under Synchrotron Radiation. Enliven: Challenges in Cancer Detection and Therapy, 4, e001. https://doi.org/10.18650/2376-046X.21008

Journal Menu >>