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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Study on the Wake Shape behind a Wing in Ground Effect Using an Unsteady Discrete Vortex Panel Method

  AUTHORS: Cheolheui Han, Spyros A. Kinnas

  KEYWORDS: Wake Shape; Wing in Ground Effect; Unsteady Discrete Vortex Method

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics, Vol.3 No.4, December 4, 2013

  ABSTRACT: The unsteady evolution of trailing vortex sheets behind a wing in ground effect is simulated using an unsteady discrete vortex panel method. The ground effect is included by image method. The present method is validated by comparing the simulated wake roll-up shapes to published numerical results. When a wing is flying in a very close proximity to the ground, the optimal wing loading is parabolic rather than elliptic. Thus, a theoretical model of wing load distributions is suggested, and unsteady vortex evolutions behind lifting lines with both elliptic and parabolic load distributions are simulated for several ground heights. For a lifting line with elliptic and parabolic loading, the ground has the effect of moving the wingtip vortices laterally outward and suppressing the development of the vortex. When the wing is in a very close proximity to the ground, the types of wing load distributions does not affect much on the overall wake shapes, but parabolic load distributions make the wingtip vortices move more laterally outward than the elliptic load distributions.