TITLE:
The 14.6 Billion Age of the Universe in Black Hole R H t =ct Cosmology versus 13.8 Billon Years in Λ-CDM Cosmology, Dose It Explain the Early Galaxy Formation Problem?
AUTHORS:
Espen Gaarder Haug
KEYWORDS:
Black Holes, Early Galaxy Formation Problem, Steady State Cosmology, Escape Velocity, Universe Density
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics,
Vol.13 No.5,
May
12,
2025
ABSTRACT: Haug and Tatum have demonstrated that within certain black-hole
R
H
t
=ct
cosmological models, the predicted age of the universe is approximately 14.6 billion years, specifically
t
0
=14622028851±421876
years. This suggests that the universe is about 800 million years older than predicted by the standard Λ-CDM model. One might therefore reasonably consider that this additional age could potentially account for the early galaxy formation observed by the James Webb Space Telescope. However, in this article, we demonstrate that the situation may be more complex than it initially appears. Recent observations have identified bright galaxies at a redshift of
z=14.32
, corresponding to only about 300 million years after the Big Bang according to the Λ-CDM model. In contrast, within the Haug-Tatum model—despite the universe’s greater age of 14.6 billion years—a cosmological redshift of
z=14.32
corresponds to merely 62 million years after the universe’s origin. Nonetheless, the Haug-Tatum model has two distinct variants, and in one of these, a redshift of
z=14.32
corresponds instead to 953 million years after the beginning of the universe. We will explore and discuss these differences further in this note. We will also suggest how a steady state black hole model can solve the early galaxy problem.