Hydrolytic Degradation Study of Lansoprazole, Identification, Isolation and Characterisation of Base Degradation Product ()
1. Introduction
Lansoprazole, 2-(((3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole is a sub- stituted benzimidazole and is an anti-secretory and anti-ulcerativities. It is effective in treating various peptic diseases, especially those resistant to treatment with histamine H2 receptor antagonists. Therefore it is success- fully used for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, reflux oesophagits and Zollinger Ellison syndrome [1] -[6] .
In general, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are formulated with excipients as tablets, syrup and capsules. Since the active ingredient interacts with the excipients and the formulated product is stored at different conditions, the study of API stability is critical in the drug development process. Many factors can affect the stability of a pharmaceutical product, some of them include the stability of the active ingredient, the manufacturing process, and the environmental conditions (such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and racemization that might occur [7] [8] . The study of stability under stressed conditions is important since it can cause many degradation reactions.
Prevacid I.V. for injection contains 30 mg of the active ingredient of Lansoprazole, 60 mg mannitol, 10 mg meglumine and 3.45 mg sodium hydroxide and is supplied as a sterile, lyophilized powder for I.V. (intravenous) use. Drug is a combination of sodium hydroxide and Lansoprazole, so it is important to study the degradation in basic medium and characterisation of degradation products.
The different analytical techniques were reported so far for the determination of this drug along with corresponding impurities by UV-Visible spectrometry [9] - [12] . Several HPLC assay and LC-MS/MS method for determination of impurities and degradation products of Lansoprazole have been published [13] - [22] . Some research work has been published on characterisation of process related impurities of Lansoprazole [23] [24] . Literature survey indicates that no work is done on the identification, isolation and characterisation of major unknown degradation product formed in the base degradation study. All chemical structures of Lansoprazole and its impurities were shown in Figure 1.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
The investigated sample of Lansoprazole was procured from NOSCH Labs Private Limited, India. Solvents and buffers used for analysis were HPLC grade Acetonitrile and Methanol (Rankem), Ammonium acetate (Fisher Sci- entific-Qualigens), Ammonium bicarbonate (Sigma Aldrich), Formic acid (Alfa Aesar), Trifluroacetic acid (Alfa Aesar) and Water used was Milli-Q grade.
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Figure 1. Chemical structures of Lansoprazole and its related impurities.
2.2. Equipment
2.2.1. Mass Mediated High Performance Liquid Chromatography
A mass mediated preparative HPLC equipped with waters pump module 2545, UV detector module 2996, mass detector module 3100, sample manager module 2767 and Masslynx data handling system was used. This system was equipped with both analytical port and preparative port. Mass capillary voltage was maintained 3 KV, Source temperature 150˚C and desolvation temperature 350˚C for the proper ionisation. 0.1% formic acid is used in water: Methanol (90:10) as a makeup solvent to the mass detector through splitter.
Mass Mediated Analytical HPLC Parameters:
Column: X-Select CSH C18 (150 × 4.6, 5µ);
Mobile phase: 10 mM Ammonium bicarbonate (A): Acetonitrile (B);
T/% of B: 0.01/10, 2/10, 11/90, 11.5/100, 13/100, 13.5/10, 15/10;
Diluent: Mobile phase;
UV detection: 285 nm.
2.2.2. HRMS (High Resolution Mass Spectrometry)
Sample was analysed on the waters micro mass Q-TOF equipped with ESI ion source. Sample was analysed in positive mode. Leucine enkephalin (m/z: 555.62268 Da) was used as internal standard to calibrate the mass range and mass accuracy. Data was acquired in positive mode using Masslynx software.
2.2.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H &13C-NMR, COSY, NOE, HMBC, HSQC)
The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of base degradation impurity were recorded in DMSO-d6 at 400 MHz, Bruker 400 MHz advance NMR spectrometer. The 1H and 13C chemical shift are reported on δ scale in ppm, relative to TMS (δ 0.00 ppm) and DMSO-d6 (δ 39.50 ppm) as internal standards respectively.
3. Hydrolytic Stress Methods
3.1. Acid Degradation Procedure
Acid degradation studies were carried out as per the guidelines of ICH. 200 mg of standard drug was refluxed with 0.1 N HCl solution at 60˚C for 8 h to study acidic degradation. Normality of acidic solution increased gradually from 0.1 N to 2 N to achieve sufficient degradation. For analytical study, the resultant acid degrada- tion sample was dissolved in methanol and diluted with mobile phase and 10 µl injected into the system and the chromatograms were recorded to assess the stability of the sample.
3.2. Base Degradation Procedure
Base degradation studies were carried out as per the guidelines of ICH. 200 mg of standard drug was refluxed with 0.1 N NaOH solution at 60˚C for 8 h to study basic degradation. Normality of base solution increased gradually from 0.1 N to 2 N to achieve sufficient degradation. For analytical study, the resultant base degradation sample was dissolved in methanol and diluted with mobile phase and 10 µl injected into the system and the chromatograms were recorded to assess the stability of the sample.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Identification of New Base Degradation Product
After acid and base degradation the crude sample was injected into the analytical column for the separation of degradation products from the drug peak. To obtain the baseline separation different mobile phases have been used like ammonium acetate, trifluro acetic acid, formic acid, ammonium bicarbonate. Various columns were screened to check the separation and symmetrical peak shape like YMC ODS, YMC Triart, Sunfire, X-terra, X-bride, Agilent zorbax CN, X-Select. Finally desired separation was achieved using the 10 mM ammonium bi- carbonate and acetonitrile as a mobile phase and X-Select column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5µ). In the developed me- thod observed peaks, retention times, molecular weights and area percentages were shown in below tables (Table 1 and Table 2).
From Table 1 and Table 2, it was clearly observed that in acid degradation study observed all peaks are re-
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Table 1. Degradation products formed in acid forced degradation.
Acid forced degradation products of Lansoprazole.
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Table 2. Degradation products formed in base forced degradation.
Base forced degradation products of Lansoprazole.
ported in literature. In base degradation study well resolved unknown major peak of m/z 468.11 (M + H) was not reported in literature. So we intended to isolate m/z 468.11 by using mass mediated auto purification system. Standard chromatogram of Lansoprazole, acid degradation, base degradation chromatograms and mass spec- trums were shown in Figures 2-6.
4.2. Isolation of Base Degradation Product
Base degradation study clearly indicates that the peak observed at 12.63 min retention time and having mass m/z 468.11 (M + H) was new entity in base degradation and remaining peaks were matching with the already reported impurities. To separate this novel impurity formed in base degradation condition, we scaled up the analytical method to preparative scale. Using the same mobile phase and column having dimensions (150 × 19 mm, 5µ) and a flow rate of 19 ml∙min−1 degradation product has been isolated. In mass based preparative system splitter has been used after the column through which flow has been splitted in the ratio of 1000:1. The one part of the flow is passed through mass detector by diluting with make pump using 1 ml∙min−1 flow rate. For the proper ionisation of the desired impurity 0.1% formic acid has been used as it is more volatile and enhances the ionisation. The delay time of the fraction collector has been investigated by using dye at same flow rate and the same parameters have been given as a input to get the good recovery. The crude sample was neutralised with HCl solution, diluted with mobile phase and injected into the preparative column in three consecutive injections. The fractions have been collected on the basis of mass threshold parameters of total ion chromatogram. After completion of purification collected all fractions of mass 468.11 (M + H) pooled together and lyophilized to get free solid.
5. Structure Elucidation of Base Degradation Product
Compound m/z: 468.11 obtained from lyophilization characterized by using HRMS, NMR (1H-NMR, 13C NMR, HMBC, HSQC, NOE and COSY).
5.1. High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
From the mass spectrum it was showing:
1) Monoisotopic mass with even electron ions (m/z: 468.0966 (M + H));
2) Elements observed: C: 0-23 H: 0-17 N: 0-5 O: 0-1 S: 0-1;
3) Molecular formula: C23 H17 N5O S (M + H).
From information provided by HRMS report it is matching with expected structure of base degradation product.
HRMS report of base degradation product was shown in Figure 7.
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Figure 2. Standard chromatogram of Lansoprazole.
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Figure 3. Acid degradation chromatogram of Lansoprazole.
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Figure 4. Mass spectrum of acid degradation chromatogram.
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Figure 5. Base degradation chromatogram of Lansoprazole.
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Figure 6. Mass spectrum of base degradation chromatogram.
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Figure 7. Mass elemental composition report of base degradation product.
5.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H & 13C-NMR, HMBC, HSQC, COSY, NOE)
The numbering scheme for the NMR assignments and HMBC correlation for critical singlet proton at 7.914 ppm are shown in Figure 8. The 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral data of degradation product was compared with those of Lansoprazole. In 1H NMR, one set of ?CH2 (Methylene) group protons in Lansoprazole are missing in degradation product. As well, in 13C NMR one set of ?CH2 (Methylene) group carbon in Lansoprazole missing in degradation product. NMR chemical shifts and 2 D NMR (HSQC, HMBC Correlations) of base degradation pro- duct are shown in Table 3. In NOE study, while irradiating proton chemical shift at 7.914 (Label 11) enhancing signals which are spatially closed signals of methyl protons (Label 9) and aromatic proton (Label 28). It clearly indicates presence of benzimidazoles substituted [1,3,5] Thiadiazine. (HMBC, HSQC, NOE and all other NMR data enclosed in supplementary data). 1H NMR spectrum, 13C NMR spectrum, purity chromatogram of degradation product of Lansoprazole and COSY correlation spectrum were shown in Figures 9-12.
From HMBC, Proton of chemical shift at 7.914 singlet (Label 11) giving correlations to the carbons of labels 8, 10, 13, 22 and 29. The above correlation clearly indicates presence of benzimidazoles substituted [1,3,5] Thiadiazine.
From COSY (1H-1H) study, assumed structure of base degradation product contains four aromatic doublets and four aromatic triplets in two benzimidazole rings and two doublets in pyridine ring. From cosy spectrum it clearly shows correlations with adjacent protons.
Lable-2 (7.793, d) Lable-3 (6.945, d)
Lable-19 (8.533, d) Lable-18 (7.501, t)
Lable-16 (7.680, d) Lable-17 (7.394, t)
Lable-25 (7.742, d) Lable-26 (7.296, t)
Lable-28 (7.547, d) Lable-27 (7.254, t)
From the above information obtained from the HRMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR spectral data it is clearly matching the assumed structure of base degradation product.
6. Conclusion
The fast, simple and sensitive method has been optimised for the separation of degradation product of Lanso-
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Figure 8. Numbering scheme and HMBC correlation structures of base degradation product.
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Figure 9. 1H NMR spectrum of degradation product in DMSO.
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Figure 10. 13C NMR spectrum of base degradation product.
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Table 3. NMR chemical shifts and HMBC, HSQC correlations.
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Figure 11. Purity chromatogram of degradation product.
prazole in hydrolytic stressed condition. The impurity of Lansoprazole formed in base degradation was identified and isolated using a mass mediated preparative HPLC system equipped analytical and preparative ports. Isolated degraded product was characterized by HRMS and NMR (1H, 13C and HMBC, HSQC, NOE and COSY) techniques. The HRMS and NMR spectral data of isolated product was confirmed to have a mass of 467.10 and with molecular formula of C23H16F3N5OS. It was further confirmed that the isolated base degradation impurity from this method is different from all the reported impurities of Lansoprazole in the literature, having chemical name of 7-(3-Methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)-7H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]benzo[4,5]imidazo [2,1-d]- [1,3,5]thiadiazine.