Abstract

The paper establishes a supply chain coordinating model based on single 4PL-multy 3PL. Considering goods loss and damage, it comes to the conclusion that the fixed revenue-sharing contract couldn't be coordination when the yields was relative to the efforts of 3PL and 4PL. In order to get the coordination, we first model a fixed revenue-sharing contract based on side payment using L-F model and the theory of principal-agent on the premise of symmetric information. Then, we analyze the application of this model when the information is asymmetric. The result shows that the symmetric model can get the coordinating while the optimal efforts of asymmetric information model depend on the 3PL’s performance. At last, we check the analysis using a traditional sample.

Keywords

Fixed Revenue-Sharing Contract, Side Payment, 3PL Coordination, Principal-Agent Model, L-F Game Theory

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1. Introduction

The third party logistics (3PL) has developed rapidly since 1980s, including the supply inventory management, the procurement, the transportation, the information management and other logistics services. As the trend of economic globalization strengthens, more and more products are produced and circulated in different areas of the world. The logistics activities have becoming more and more complicated and the diversity arises among different logistics entities. As a good way to integrate resources, the fourth party logistics (4PL) can both improve efficiency and decrease the operation cost of logistics service.

However, a variety of risks relating to 3PL have been reported in literatures. There are many problems in the outsourcing logistics service to 3PL such as inadequate provider expertise, inadequate employee quality, inability of 3PL to deal with special products and emergency circumstances. The main risk that customers are exposed to is goods loss and damage. The data show that 32% of complain is caused by goods loss and damage. As an integrator, 4PL carries out the majority of the administrative activities but leaves the physical activities to contracted 3PL service providers. Therefore, 4PL has the ability and responsibility to manage outsourcing logistics quality risk for its clients.

In the existing literature, the incentive 4PL offered to 3PL is mainly adopted by the mixed revenue-sharing mechanism. Hoong Chuin Lau [1] established the multi-agent intelligent system to support the 4PL’s transportation network; Xiu Li [2] tried to design implement of 4PL; Gülçin [3] researched on the evaluation of 4PL operating models with 2-additive Choquet integral; W. S. Lim [4] designed an optimal contract to incentive 3PL to supply the high-level logistics service level under the asymmetric quality and cost information. Huang Min [5] worked on modeling and optimizing of 4PL routing optimization based on goal programming. MC Chen [6] applied loss aversion to investigate the service quality in logistics, and discussed a moderating effect of service convenience. Y. Zhang [7] researched on 4PL management services based on Horizontal Supply Chain. J. Li [8] designed an intelligent model of the cluster supply chain with the horizontal cooperation. Many other researchers have done a lot of work in the field of 3PL and 4PL [9] -[15] . However, they seldom considered the optimal incentive problem based on the quality risk of goods loss and damage [16] -[20] . In this paper, we establish a 4PL-n3PL model to design a side-payoff mechanism to guide the 3PL to offer an optimal quality effort level to guarantee the coordination of the supply chain with the symmetric information and asymmetric information. And we analyze the 4PL’s effort level and the expected profit in those different conditions.

2. Problem Description and Traditional Models

2.1. Problem Description

One manufacturer outsources logistic transaction to n-3PL. But it is difficult for the manufacturer to maintain a good relationship with so many 3PLs in order to satisfy the high standard logistic service. On the contrary, too many 3PLs would greatly increase the production enterprise logistics subcontract and the difficulty of the management of logistics service quality. In practice, there are two main solutions. One is a self-built 4PL. Another is that the manufacturer delegates a 4PL to deal with the 3PL logistic service outsourcing transaction, manage the relationship between 4PL and 3PL, and control the quality risk.

The joint efforts among 4PL and 3PLs can increase the output of logistics services. Considering goods loss and damage, the logistic quality level is determined by the 3PLS’ efforts. Before the logistic operation process, the 4PL can’t monitor the 3PLS’ efforts. But when the logistics service finished, the 4PL can estimate 3PLS’ efforts with the good loss and damage level. The 3PLS should take the effort cost when exerting efforts. More efforts will generate fewer loss and damage level. In practice, the supply chain can’t get coordination because of 3PLS’ lower efforts than optimal level. The aim of this paper is to develop the 3PLS’ optimal effort with L-F game theory and Principal-agent theory.

Based on L-F game theory and principal-agent theory, the paper researches on examining the benefit relationship between the 4PL and 3PL.We assume that 4PL is a leader, playing a leading role in the process of the whole game, 3PLS are followers, always trying to decide whether or not to accept a contract parameters of the 4PL. Hypothesis 4PL and 3PLS are risk neutral and perfectly rational, namely, they will make decisions according to the expected profit maximization principle.

2.2. Model Assumption

We set 2 continuous variables to measure the effort of 4PL and 3PLS. The quality effort cost of them separates as, where k and k_i are cost parameters. The measure

is the service quality index, which stands for the logistics service quality influence of 3PLS’ effort; So is the goods loss and damage Ratio. is an random variable that affecting the logistics service quality which is exponential distribution. is the i^th parameter and is a constant. When the goods loss and damage happens, the 4PL will suffer punishment, where m is the punishment parameter. The output function is, where are the parameters of 4PL and 3PL and is an standard normality random variable. The 4PL offers and 2-part linear contact to 3PL in the form of where is the fixed shift and is a quality revenue parameter.

2.3. Virtual Centralized Decision Model and Mixed Revenue Sharing Decision Model

1) Virtual Centralized Decision The aim of Supply Chain Coordination is to maximize the supply chain profit. In virtual centralize decisionmaking, the 4PL and 3PLs form an integrated company, which means 4PL choose 3PLs to execute logistics services. In order to get the best profit level, the decision maker determines the efforts of 4PL and 3PLs. The expected profit of the integrated company is as followed.

The function is jointly concave in each effort level of e and e_i, so we can get the optimal effort level e^* and with derivation.

(1)

Substituting the optimal solution (1) into the objective function, we can get the optimal profit.

2) Mixed Revenue Sharing Decision Model In the Mixed Revenue Sharing subcontracting mechanism, 4PL offer every 3PL a fixed pay and based the 3PL_i’s profit. The expected profit of 4PL is as followed.

We introduce as the i^th logistics revenue, is his retained revenue. The 3PL make decision according to the aim to get the maximum revenue. Based on the principal-agent theory, the incentive compatibility constraints

(IC) and Participatory constraints (IR) are

(IC)

(IR)

As the leader of the game process, the 4PL choose his decision according to the L-F game theory. By solving IC, we get the optimal e_i

(2)

Considering IR, in order to get the maximum revenue, 4PL will always decrease to optimal

. Then substitute to the objective function, we get

The function is jointly concave, so we make derivation

(3)

So the i^th expected profit is and the 4PL’s expected profit is

As for, we compare (2) and (3) to get the coordination outcome. The equation is conflicted, so the supply chain cannot balance the coordination. And the 3PL’s effort level is lower than in the Virtual Centralized Model.

3. Coordination Model Base on Side-Payoff with Symmetric Information

In the Mixed Revenue Sharing Decision Model, the supply chain cannot get the coordination just because the 3PL pay the quality effort cost and do not have the chance to share profit added value. So in this section, 4PL offer a side-payoff contract to give the 3PL effort incentive. The side-payoff incentive function must eliminate the influence of 4PL, and the incentive function is, where are side-payoff parameters. Considering the symmetric information, the 4PL can observe the cost information of 3PL, the expected profit of 4PL is

Based on the principal-agent theory, the incentive compatibility constraints (IC) and participatory constraints (IR) are

(IC)

(IR)

 Based on L-F game theory, we solve the IC to get

(4)

(5)

Substituting into the objective function and derivate

(6)

(7)

So the supply chain can get coordination, the coordination constrain is (7). The i^th profit of 3PL_i is. The profit of 4PL is

4. Coordination Model Base on Side Payoff with Asymmetric Information

Considering asymmetric information and goods loss and damage level, 4PL will offer more shift to the 3PL whose operation capability is stronger. According to the symmetric model, the revenue of 3PL has a negative correlation with the parameter k_i. So the low-cost 3PL disguised as high-cost 3PL to get more revenue. In this scenario, we consider the cost parameter as the 3PL’s private information. The 4PL cannot get the specific value, but Probability distribution function and Probability density function by analysis the history data. 4PL offer a contract to collect the cost information of 3PL and 3PLchosse his effort level by accepting the contract. Once the 3PL choose the menu contract, he transfer his information to 4PL. But the 3PL may transfer the wrong information based on his revenue. The 4PL will design an optimal contract to guarantee the 3PL’s truth-telling about cost information.

Based on the Corbett (2000) assumption, conforms monotonous risk condition, and the 4PL’s objective function is

The incentive compatibility constraints（IC）and Participatory constraints (IR) of 3PLs are

(IC₁)

(IC₂)

(IR)

where is 3PL’s expected revenue in normal way, and is his expected revenue declaring the cost parameter. IC₁ shows that 3PL always choose his efforts level on the aim of maximizing expected revenue, which is an adverse selection problem. IC₂ shows that 3PL’s truth-telling revenue is greater that the liestelling revenue, which is a moral hazard problem. IR shows the 3PL’s minimum revenue.

Based on the incentive theory, the 3PL get the optimal revenue when, and in practice, the optimal decision is that 3PL declare the true cost parameter. So IC₁ and IC₂ can be replaced by 2 constrains (1)

when (2). So

. We derivate k and substitute to, with the Corbett (2001) [9] [10] conclusion, we get.

We set and the equation will be

(8)

The coordination model base on side payoff with asymmetric information is as followed.

Equation (8) shows that is decreasing function and when, it gets the optimal value. So we substitute the equation into the constrain (9), the outcome is

 Not considering the constrain (10), the objective function is an unconstrained problem. So we get

derivate, we get

(12)

(13)

And considering assumption, the constrain (10) is satisfied. So we get the following conclusion.

Conclusion: 3PL’s effort level under asymmetric information is not more than the effort level under symmetric information. The asymmetric information lowers the 3PL’s effort level and prevents the coordination of the supply chain, but not the 4PL’s.

We know that is and decreasing function, its maximum value and minimum value are respectively and 0. So the maximum and minimum expected profit of 4PL is as followed.

5. Discussion and Sample

5.1. Discussion

1) From Equation (4), We know that 3PLs’ effort level has an positive corelative with incentive parameter and side-payoff parameter, The larger value the 4PL offer to and, the higher effort level the 3PLs choose. 3PLs’ effort level has a negative correlative with the cost parameter k_i which stands for the operation capability of logistics service level. The stronger capability the 3PLs have, the lower goods loss and damage level is.

2) The Equation (7) shows that 4PL’s incentive parameter and the side-payoff parameter has a negative correlative with the operation capability. 4PL will offer more shifts to 3PLs whose operation capability are stronger. The incentive effect is determined by the punishment parameter m, if 4PL gives more punishment, the 3PLs will give more effort to decrease the goods loss and damage ratio.

3) The Equation (6) shows that 4PL’s effort level has a positive correlative with its cost control capability of decrease loss and damage level. 4PL is regard as leader in the supply chain, forcing him to keep an optimal effort level to guarantee the coordination. If the yield parameter is higher, the 4PL will choose higher effort level to decrease the loss and damage.

4) 3PL s’ effort level under asymmetric information is not more than the effort level under symmetric information. The asymmetric information lowers the 3PL s’ effort level and prevents the coordination of the supply chain, but not the 4PL’s. When we just consider asymmetric information, the 3PL’s effort level has a positive correlative with the yield parameter which stands for the operation efficiency of the logistics service capability. The stronger operation efficiency the 3PLs have, the more effort level they will offer. Under asymmetric information, the 3PL s’ effort level has a negative correlative with the ratio of probability distribution function and probability density function. The larger the ratio is, the higher effort level distortion caused by asymmetric information is. So the 4PL must try its best to collect the true information to make the right decision.

5) From Equations (1) (3) (6) (13), we can get the conclusion that the 4PL’s quality effort level keeps constant in virtual centralized model, non-coordination, symmetric information and asymmetric information modes. The reason is that, the owner of 4PL entity is the manufacturer who has enough capital and supply 4PL logistics themselves. To guarantee high efficient logistics service, they always keep optimal effort and the main job of them is to guide 3PLs to offer enough quality to decrease loss goods and damage as well as timely delivery.

5.2. Profit Distribution between 3PL and 4PL

It is very important to identify the profit distribution between 3PL and 4PL. In virtual centralized decision, there is no profit distribution because 3PL and 4PL are regarded as an integrated entity. In decentralized decision making process with Mixed Revenue Sharing Decision Model, the 4PL can extract all system profits and leave 3PLs with just enough profit to ensure their participation, in other words, the 3PLs can only get their reservation profit R_i. When the cost information is asymmetric, the 4PL’s expected profit declines. This implies that the cost information is important to 4PL. Consequently, the 4PL should collect cost information of 3PLs to reduce the expected profit loss and improve logistics service quality. Certainly, there should be new cost in the process of collecting information.

5.3. Sample

3PLs’ quality effort level determines the goods loss and damage level. By comparison, we find that the 3PLs’ quality effort levels in mixed revenue-sharing decision and revenue-sharing with side-payoff decisions with symmetric cost information are the same, which means that there is no difference between the two kinds of decision model. The reason for this is that, though 4PL cannot monitor 3PLs’ quality effort, 4PL can design suitable contract parameters to drive 3PL exerting optimal effort level for maximizing his own profit. The 4PL is effectively the only decision maker. However, when the cost information is asymmetric, the 3PLs’ quality effort level is distorted by the asymmetric information.

We set a sample to identify the effort level and expected profit in different models. The value of the parameters is as follows.

Table 1 illustrates the comparative results of different decisions, where the “VC”, “M”, “S”, “A” “L-L” and “H-L” represent “Virtual Centralized”, “Mixed Revenue-sharing model”, “side-payoff with symmetric information” and “side-payoff with asymmetric information”, “Low cost 3PL declare low cost” and “High cost 3PL declare low cost” respectively.

Table 1 shows that both 3PL₁ and 3PL₂ offer the optimal quality effort level in virtual centralized decision, side-off with symmetric information and truth-telling with asymmetric information. In the mixed revenue-sharing model, it is only when 4PL offer can that the supply chain gets coordination. So the 4PL must offer excessive shift to 3PLs, which is not exist in practice. In the side-payoff with asymmetric information model, the truth-telling mode can make supply chain coordination. However, the profit of 4PL declines in the lie-telling

mode. Consequently, the 4PL should collect cost information of 3PLs to reduce the expected profit loss and improve logistics service quality. Certainly, there should be new cost in the process of collecting information. If the collecting cost is less than the expected profit loss 0.52, 4PL will collect information.

6. Conclusions

In this paper, we consider a class of quality of risk called goods loss and damage. By using the contract design method and the game theory, we establish a single 4PL-n3PL logistics service outsourcing model to guide the 3PLs to offer an optimal quality effort level. The conclusion is as followed: with symmetric information, the traditional revenue-sharing contract can’t guide the 3PLs to offer an optimal quality effort level, and the supply chain can’t make the coordination automatically. Therefore, we design a new coordination model based on side-payoff, by using incentives which 4PL can guide the 3PL choose the optimal quality effort level to decrease the level of goods loss and damage with symmetric information. We prove that the asymmetric information can distort the effort level. 3PLs and 4PL should spend some cost to collect information of the 3PLs. At the end of the paper, we set a sample to make a comparison between the traditional revenue-sharing model and the new side-payoff model.

The paper just considers the short-term integration problem between 4PL and 3PLs. In the future, we will consider the long-term multi-game problems among 4PL and 3PLs and consider the problem when 4PL also carry out logistics service. The research has been proceeding.

7. Funding

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71110107024).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References