Phycological Effects of Eutrophication with Fertilizers in Nike Lake, Nigeria ()
1. Introduction
Nike lake, Enugu, is located between 6˚30'19.5"N - 6˚30'22.6"N and 7˚30'47.2"N - 7˚30'50.9"N at an elevation of about 172.5 meters above sea level. Many anthropogenic activities are carried out around the lake, such as agricultural activities, car wash and block moulding Industries. Also, Nike lake Resort (Protea Hotel) is located beside the lake. These activities have their respective nutrient discharges into the lake. These may lead to the enrichment of the lake and consequent algal bloom that may result [1].
People in Enugu metropolis especially those that live in Abakpa, Nike, Enugu, depend on Nike lake for their water supply especially during the dry season. Moreover, the most vital aspect of their dependence on the lake is for their agricultural production. Telfairia occidentalis, Zea mays, Amaranthus sp, Solanum sp, Ocimum gratisimum and other crops are cultivated around the lake during both wet and dry seasons. Other vegetation around the lake is a mixture of savanna and high forest as documented by Nweze and Domrufus [2]. They include aroids, palms, ferns, and grasses which indicate secondary forest vegetation.
Eutrophication is a threat to the water quality of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, hence their classification into oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic based on level of eutrophication [3]. Cultural eutrophication is a process where a water body changes due to increased reception of nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphate from anthropogenic activities [1] and also, silicon, potassium, calcium, iron and manganese [3]. These nutrients from the catchment area (allochthonous sources) bring pressure on the receiving environment causing major changes in the ecosystem thereby jeopardizing many beneficiaries of the resources. Such stressed water bodies support a rich algal flora and animal population [3,4]. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus and iron have been noted as the limiting nutrients in lakes [5,6] This has been demonstrated by laboratory studies by Levine and Schindler [7] using single bloom forming species of algae such as Microcystis aeruginosa.
Studies on the effect of sewage enrichment of lakes and deliberate addition of commercial NPK fertilizers on crops or of soy bean and cotton seed meal to lakes subsequently showed that phosphorus was probably controlling productivity in lakes, with nuisance algal blooms occurring where average inorganic phosphorus concentration was 10 g/L. Nitrogen also plays a role with critical levels around 300 g/L inorganic nitrogen. Sawyer [8] noted that agricultural drainage and sewage effluent contain 18 and 5 times respectively of proportion of nitrogen to phosphorus, both having phosphorus levels greater than the minimum needed to stimulate algal growth.
The chief contributors of the nutrient load of freshwaters are artificial fertilizers, animal slurry, sewage and occasionally point sources from food industry [1].
The algal biodiversity of the water as reported in Nweze and Domrufus [2] showed that the metaphyton algal flora was composed of 34 taxa of algae belonging to 5 classes. Some of these, such as Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Euglena are known bloom forming species.
This ex situ investigation was carried out to assess the effect of nutrients contained in inorganic fertilizers and poultry manure on resident algal biodiversity of Nike lake to give insight into their effects on aquatic environment when taken in through runoffs from farm lands.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Samples and Preparation of Apparatus
Sub-surface water samples were collected from the banks of Nike Lake, Enugu, from about 10 cm depth, with two 100 L capacity containers for the enrichment studies in the laboratory. This was to avoid stirring of the mud at the bottom which may contain nutrients.
One hundred milliliters of collected water sample was placed in a plastic jar and fixed with Lugol’s iodine after the methods of Bellinger [9]. Three 1 ml aliquots of fixed samples were sedimented in a 1 ml counting chamber for 12 hours and viewed under an a binocular Leica microscope to identify all the algae present in the collected sample. Species were identified using dichotomous keys [9,10] and manuals [11].
Nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate and potassium content of Nike lake water before and after the experiment were determined following the method of APHA [12]. Phosphate (mg/l) and nitrate (µg/l) were determined spectrophotometrically using stannous chloride and phenol disulphonic acid methods respectively in a Spectronic 20 equipment and potassium (mg/l) using atomic absorption/emission spectrophotometer.
Seventy five, 500 ml beakers were washed with soap and rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. Beakers for nutrient enrichment experiments were thereafter rinsed with Nike lake water before use in order to reduce error of dilution.
2.2. Preparation of Nutrient Dilutions for Enrichment Experiments
The nutrient sources used were poultry manure (P); Urea (U); NPK fertilizer—20:10:10 (A) and NPK fertilizer— 15:15:15 (B). The dilutions of various nutrient sources in Nike Lake water were made and labeled as shown in Table 1. Three replicates each of 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g, 0.4 g, 0.5 g and 1.0 g, of these nutrient sources were dissolved in 500 ml aliquots of lake water in 72 beakers for the nutrient experiments. Three 500 ml aliquots of untreated lake water were set up as control in three beakers and labeled O1, O2 and O3. The set up was left on a laboratory bench near a window for 36 days.
2.3. Phycological Studies
Five milliliter aliquots from the treatments were removed at 2-day intervals for phycological studies and stained with 2 drops Lugol’s iodine [9]. Algal studies were carried out on three drops from each treatment using a Leica binocular microscope at ×40 objective. Species were
Table 1. Dilutions of various nutrient sources used in enrichment experiments.
identified using dichotomous keys [9,10] and manuals [11].
3. Results and Discussion
A checklist of the algal diversity of Nike lake water used in the experiment is presented in Table 2. Thirty one taxa of algae belonging 4 classes were observed in the Nike lake water used for the experiment. They were: 5 taxa of Cyanobacteria (Gloeocapsa, Microcystis, Oscillatoria (2 taxa) and Anabaena); 21 taxa of Chlorophyceae (Chlorella (2 taxa), Chlamydomonas, Senedesmus (6 taxa), Ankistrodesmus (2 taxa), Oocystis (3 taxa), Pediastrum (2 taxa), Spirogyra (3 taxa), Closterium, and Cladophora); 2 taxa of Euglenophyceae (Euglena and Phacus) and 3 taxa of Bacillariophyceae (Asterionella, Navicula and Pinnularia).
A checklist of algae observed at the end of the experiment are presented in Table 3. There were twenty four (24) taxa. Five (5) of Cyanobacteria/blue green algae represented by Gloeocapsa, Anabaena, Oscillatoria (2 taxa) and Microcystis); 17 of Chlorophyceae/green algae represented by Chlorella (2 taxa), Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus (6 taxa), Ankistrodesmus (2 taxa), Pediastrum (2 taxa), Spirogyra (3 taxa), Closterium, Staurastrum and Selenastrum; and 2 of Bacillariophyceae/diatoms represented by Pinnularia and Navicula. Most of these are notable bloom forming species.
The level of growth in the various treatments are presented in Table 4. Total algae were favoured most at 0.2 g/l Urea and NPK 20:10:10; 0.4 g/l poultry manure and 0.6 g/l NPK. Higher levels of contamination were toxic to most algae and moreover the blooms had a shading effect on in the water resulting in competition and more respiratory activities by the algae [13].
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) were mostly favoured by urea. They are common spoilers of boat paints. Poultry manure and NPK fertilizers (20:10:10 and 15:15:15) favoured Cyanobacteria. The fact that poultry manure and NPK fertilizers are commonly used by farmers around the lake exposes the Nike lake and inlets to bloom forming Cyanobacteria with the attendant problems such
Table 2. Checklist of the various classes of algae in Nike Lake used for enrichment experiments.
Table 3. Checklist of the algae encountered 36 days after treatment with fertilizers.
Table 4. Variations in Population of various groups of algae at the end of the investigation (36 WEEKS).
as depletion of oxygen in water causing anoxia which may lead to suffocation of aquatic flora and fauna; unpleasant odours or foul smell that render the water unsuitable for recreation; blocking of filters of water treatment plants and industrial plants that use water for cooling of turbines and off flavor problems in fish. Moreover, Cyanobacteria blooms (Microcystis and Anabaena) secrete toxins (microcystins, saxitoxin, nodularin) that are carcinogenic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, tetratoxic; may cause renal failure (during dialysis), gastroenteritis, diarrhea and skin irritation to swimmers [14-16].
Chlorophyceae were not dominant in any of the dilutions with the various contaminants suggesting that they were not favoured by the nutrients because they are mostly clean water algae. Moreover the bloom formers Cyanobacteria may have hampered their growth through allelopathic action as noted by Lee [16].
4. Conclusions
Results from this study indicate that indiscriminate use of fertilizers around Nike lake may lead to Cyanophycean blooms and ecological disaster if not controlled. This may jeopardize the recreational use of lake by visiting tourists to the resort.