Artificial Neural Network Modeling for Sorption of Cadmium from Aqueous System by Shelled Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder as an Agricultural Waste ()
1. Introduction
An increasing awareness about the environment motivated research has developed search for new efficient technologies that would be capable of treating heavy metal contaminated waste water in a cost effective manner. This search has brought newly emerging terms like Come back to nature, Grey to Green Chemistry and various Ecofriendly Green Technologies to the foreground of scientific interest as a potential basis for the design of novel waste water treatment processes. Conventional techniques used for the removal of heavy metals from waste water include filtration, precipitation, flocculation, ion exchange resins and reverse osmosis [1]. However, these methods are not economically viable if sophisticated instrumentation is utilized [2]. Various synthetic coagulants of aluminium (alum lime, aluminium sulphate, and poly aluminium silico sulphate), ferric salts (iron hydroxide and iron chloride) and soda ash were widely used as low cost processes. Research findings have clearly raised strong doubts against the use of synthetic coagulants [3].
In recent years, adsorption techniques have been widely investigated for the removal of heavy metals from waste water. Adsorbent used in the sorption processes are various materials including activated carbon obtained from agricultural by-products and commercial activated carbons [4]. However, the high cost of the activation process limits its use in wastewater treatment, particularly for the developing countries. Over the last few years, a number of investigations have been conducted to explore the low-cost adsorbents for the decontamination of toxic metals. Biosorption of heavy metals is one of the most promising and tangible alternatives to traditional methodologies. Sorption involves processes that reduce overall treatment cost through the application of agricultural wastes as they lessen reliance on expensive chemicals, negligible requirements of transportation and thus offering genuine, localized and appropriate solution to water treatment problems. Regeneration of the biosorbents adds another dimension to the cost effectiveness of the process thus warranting its future success.
To achieve an optimum management for any control measure, the concept of modeling for an efficient operation and design should be developed. A high quality representative model can provide a favorable solution to the process control. It is likely to explain the real process performance developing a continuous control strategy for such type of technologies. Because of reliable, robust and salient characteristics in capturing the non-linear relationships of variables in complex systems, applications of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) have been successfully employed in environmental engineering [5-7].
In continuation of our work on biosorption of toxic metals using shelled Moringa Oleifera seed (SMOS) powder from waste water [8-10], this paper describes a two-layer ANN model using a back propagation (BP) algorithm to predict the removal efficiency of SMOS for Cd(II) ions. Pursuing benchmark comparisons of BP algorithms, a study was conducted to determine the optimal network structure. The output obtained from the ANN modeling was compared with the experimental data. The present piece of work highlights the possibility of the prediction of sorption efficiency for the metal ions from waste water using SMOS in the range of metal concentration with which lab experiments have not been conducted.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biosorbent Preparation
Moringa Oleifera Lam. tree was notified in the nearby area of Dayalbagh Educational Institute and the seeds were collected from the target plant. Seeds were washed thoroughly with double distilled water to remove the adhering dirt, dried at 65℃ for 24 h, crushed and sieved through (105) mesh copper sieves. Shelled Moringa Oleifera seeds (SMOS) were used as biosorbent.
2.2. Biosorption Studies
Sorption studies using standard practices were carried out in batch experiments (triplicate) as a function of biomass dosage (2.0-6.0 g), contact time (10-60 min), volume of the test solution (100-300 mL), Cd concentration (10-100 µg/mL), particle size (105) and pH (4.5-8.5). The details of methodology have been described in our earlier publications [8-10]. Percent metal uptake by the sorbent was computed using the equation: % Sorption = Co-Ce/Co 100, where Co and Ce were the initial and final concentration of metal ions in the solution.
2.3. Definition of the ANN Model
Neural Network Toolbox Neuro Solution 5 ® mathematical software was used to predict the sorption efficiency. One hundred eighty experimental sets were used to develop the ANN model. A two layer ANN with sigmoid axon transfer function was used for input and output layers. The data gathered from batch experiments were divided into input matrix and desired matrix. The two layer sigmoid network represents functional relationship between inputs and output, provided sigmoid layer has enough neurons. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is fastest training algorithm for network of moderate size, therefore, used in the present study.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Sorption Studies
Sorption studies led to the standardization of the optimum conditions as: metal concentration (25 mg/L), biomass dosage (4.0 gm), contact time (40 min) and volume (200 mL) at pH 6.5 for maximum Cd removal (85.10%). The effect of various experimental parameters was studied and compared with performance of ANN model.
3.2. Selection and Optimization of the ANN Structure
The removal of Cd(II) ion using SMOS was calculated in the laboratory batch experiments as a function of biomass dosage, contact time, volume of the solution and metal ion concentration in terms of percentage sorption. ANN model based on two layered recurrent back propagation algorithm for the experimental data, generated from the above batch experiments was applied to train the neural network. During training, the output vector is computed by a forward pass in which the input is propagated forward through the network to compute the output value of each unit. The output vector is then compared with the desired vector which resulted into error signal for each output unit. In order to minimize the error, appropriate adjustments were made for each of the weights of the network. After several such iterations, the network was trained to give the desired output for a given input vector. The two layer network structure included fifteen hidden neurons for layer one and twelve hidden neurons for layer two, describing the dynamics of Cd(II) in effluent (Figure 1). The sigmoid axon was considered
Figure 1. Two layer Optimum Neural Network structure for the prediction of the biosorption efficiency.
transfer function with 0.7 momentums. The performance of network simulation was evaluated in terms of mean square error (MSE) criterion. The MSE for the training and cross validation data sets were found at the ninth place of decimal. The developed network model was examined for its ability to predict the response of experimental data not forming the part of the training program. Figure 2 shows the result obtained by the neural network simulation for both the training and cross validation data sets. The Cd(II) ion concentrations were precisely predicted for the training data sets.
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis
A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the degree of effectiveness of variables. Performance of the groups of input vectors included biomass dosage, Cd(II) ion concentration, contact time and volume. Series of experiment resulted into the evaluation of performance based on 10% data for testing and 20% data for cross validation at 32000 Epoch with 0.70000 momentums. The minimum MSE in the group of four variables was determined for training and cross validation are 0.000923838 and 0.003707393 respectively.
3.4. Effect of Metal Concentration on the Sorption Efficiency
Figure 3 represents the effect of metal concentration on