Cellular Prion Protein and Sexual Dimorphic Areas in Rodents. Correlates with Alzheimer Disease ()
1. Introduction
The cortical and subcortical regions in mammals, which belong mainly to the limbic system, develop a sexual dimorphism.
The hypothalamus is a crucial structure within the limbic system. It deals with the regulation of sexual function, particularly via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal systems; from which stem the sexually dimorphic structures of the hypothalamus [1-3].
In the female rat, it has been observed that before birth the dendrites of the neurones of the supraoptic nucleus are isolated from each other as astrocytic prolongations are interposed between them: during lactation, the neurones and the dendrites show close apposition, thus enabling adequate synaptic transmission [4].
The preoptic area, which is usually included within the hypothalamus, is a typical sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN], as has been observed in various experimental animals [5-7].
The anterior hypothalamus is considered to be sexually dimorphic, especially with regard to the interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus (NIHA1, 2, 3 and 4) [8,9].
The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is also considered to be sexually dimorphic, oestrogen dependant, having marked plasticity and a greater synaptic density in men than in women [10].
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is not clearly sexually dimorphic, although it does present connections with some dimorphic nuclei, such as the preoptic area. The anterior periventricular nucleus is larger in women than in men.
If we consider non hypothalamic structures, the vomeronasal organ of rodents is sexually dimorphic [11]. The olfactory system is important for reproductive aspects in many animals.
The cerebral amygdala is activated differently in male animals, compared to females [12-14]. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc), the size of which increases with age, is larger in men than in women [15].
The size of the hippocampus is larger in females in the vast majority of animals; in birds, its size depends on the tasks carried out by each sex (building nests, searching for food, feeding the young) [16].
The neocortex, which is particularly developed in the human species, presents certain dimorphic characteristics [3,17-19]. And the bulbocavernosus nucleus of the spinal cord [20] is larger in male animals than in females.
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 33-35 kDa found in various organs, is especially abundant in the central nervous system [21, 22]. PrPC is attributed with an implication in adhesion phenomena, neuroprotection and cellular signalling. In 2010 Velayos et al. [2] observed the diverse localisation of PrPC in the central nervous system of various mammals, always with a predominance in the more rostral areas of the central nervous system.
The relationship between the PrPC and physiopathological mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is well understood [23-29]. On our part, we have observed a particular behaviour of PrPC in brains with AD. There is less expression of PrPC in patients with AD than in control cases, furthermore in AD, the non-glycosylated band is larger than the diand monoglycosylated bands in Western blots of PrPC [30]. To this it should be added that according to statistical studies, AD is found to be more frequent in women than in men.
For this reason the aim of this research is to study the differences in both sexes of the levels of PrPC in the preoptic area and suprachiasmatic regions, clearly dimorphic structures, as well as in the hippocampus which although it is not strictly considered to be dimorphic, is however an important structure with regard to memory processes. We have also analyzed in some cases the frontal cortex, an area which is particularly active in cognitive processes. Thus, the main goal of the present study, is determine whether PrPC has a distinct functional significance in the two sexes.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Animals
Rats: groups of rats of 9-weeks-old, males and females respectively, were used (n = 6).
Mice: three groups of 3 different ages, males and females respectively, were used (n = 3).
Group 1: young mice (6 weeks-old)
Group 2: adult mice (38 weeks-old)
Group 3: old mice (56 weeks-old)
Rats samples of the preoptic area and the anterior hypothalamic area were analyzed. Mice samples of the frontal cortex and hippocampus were analyzed.
The work was carried out in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Navarra.
2.2. Production of Protein Extracts
Brains were rapidly removed and the preoptic area and the anterior hypothalamic areas from the rats were rapidly removed. In the case of the mice, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were rapidly dissected according to standard procedures and frozen in dry ice. For proteins determination, total tissue homogenates were obtained by homogenizing the hippocampus in ice-cold RIPA buffer and centrifuged at 14.000 × g 4˚C for 20 min.
2.3. Immunoblotting
The proteins were separated using 15% acrylamide gels and were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and incubated with the PrPC antibody mAb 6H4, from Prionics (dilution: 1:6000). Once the adequate conditions had been established, the corresponding measurements using densitometry were taken.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Each biochemical assay was repeated 3 times and the data were analyzed using Student’s t-test. The significance level was set at *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01.
3. Results
Analysing the results of the Western blot from the rats (Figure 1), it was observed that the level of PrPC is larger in males than in females, in the preoptic area and in the anterior hypothalamic areas.
In the case of the mice (Figures 2-6), taken as a whole, it can be seen that the level of PrPC increases with age with regard to the frontal cortex, in both sexes up to the age of 38 weeks, decreasing in level in those of more advanced age. The level corresponding to the nonglycosylated band increases with age, as compared to the other bands, showing a very similar pattern in both males and females (Figure 2).
With regard to the hippocampus (Figure 3), differences can be seen between males and females; in both cases (males and females) there is a decrease in the levels of PrPC in old-mice. However, while in male mice, PrPC levels are similar in young and adult mice, in the case of female mice, at the adult age there is a marked increase in the levels of PrPC when compared to the group of young animals. This increase is also observed in the case of the non-glycosylated band.
In the groups of young (Figure 4) and adult (Figure 5)
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/13-2400078\9d120b47-549b-4192-b470-5ef826543c28.jpg)
Figure 1. PrPC levels in dimorphic areas are decreased in female compared to male-mice. Western blot of the anterior hypothalamic and preoptic areas, from 6 - 9 week-old, male and female rats. The level of PrPC is larger in male than in female rats.
animals, no changes in PrPC levels were found in frontal cortex and/or the hippocampus between both sexes. However, in the group of old-mice, comparing both sexes, while the frontal cortex seems to have a larger level of PrPC in the case of female animals, no changes were detected with regard to the hippocampus (Figure 6).
Thus, globally, it seems that, the expression of PrPC is decreased in old-animals. Related to the different ages analyzed, it has been observed that PrPC changes in the hippocampus of female mice between young and adultmice (with a marked increase in the case of adult-mice) but no changes are detected in male mice. In the case of the frontal cortex the changes between the different ages analyzed are similar for males and females mice.
4. Discussion
SDN, of the preoptic area, is the hypothalamic nucleus which is clearly sexually dimorphic [5-7,31,32]. It was first described as such in rats by Gorki et al. [33,34] at the end of the seventies in the last century, as a nucleus which was several times larger in the male rat than in the female. The masculinisation of this structure starts during the foetal stage [35]. Prenatal androgens interfere with
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/13-2400078\ca5083bb-9cb6-4792-87b4-d7a4236584ef.jpg)
Figure 2. PrPC levels in prefrontal cortex are increased in mice of the adult age compared to young-mice but are decreased in aged mice. Representative western blot bands from prefrontal cortex tissues of mice of 3 different ages: young: 6 weeks, adult: 38 weeks and old: 56 weeks. The histograms represent the quantification of the immunochemically reactive bands in the western blot. n = 4 in each group. *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01.
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/13-2400078\bd9702df-cb08-4266-ab6d-1976bd6485cd.jpg)
Figure 3. PrPC levels in the hippocampus are increased in female mice in the adult age compared to young-mice. In both sexes PrPC levels decrease in aged mice. Representative western blot bands from prefrontal cortex tissues of mice of 3 different ages: young: 6 weeks, adult: 38 weeks and old: 56 weeks. The histograms represent the quantification of the immunochemically reactive bands in the western blot. p < 0.05.
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/13-2400078\025d6b03-32e5-41d3-91d6-9259aa53565e.jpg)
Figure 4. In young-mice, no changes in PrPC levels were found in frontal cortex and/or the hippocampus between both sexes. Representative western blot bands from prefrontal cortex or hippocampal tissue of young-mice (6 weeks). The histograms represent the quantification of the immunochemically reactive bands in the western blot.
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/13-2400078\6804b81e-7eca-4c4e-afa3-fc3fdf4f30af.jpg)
Figure 5. In adult mice, no changes in PrPC levels were found in frontal cortex and/or the hippocampus between both sexes. Representative western blot bands from prefrontal cortex or hippocampal tissue of adult mice (38 weeks). The histograms represent the quantification of the immunochemically reactive bands in the western blot.
![](https://www.scirp.org/html/13-2400078\7d97d380-5772-4bfe-9eaa-c5d06c468e94.jpg)
Figure 6. In old mice PrPC levels in the frontal cortex but not in the hippocampus are increased in female mice when compared to male-mice. Representative western blot bands from prefrontal cortex tissues of mice of 3 different ages: young: 6 weeks, adult: 38 weeks and old: 56 weeks. The histograms represent the quantification of the immunochemically reactive bands in the western blot. p < 0.05.
the development of the cognitive cerebral areas, inducing an increase in the volume of the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus of male rats [36]. However, in general, the size of the hippocampus is larger in the female of all animals, with the exception of some birds [16].
We observed, as a whole, in the cerebral areas analyzed, that the level of PrPC varies according to the specific structure considered and with regard to the sex (Figures 1-6) [33,34]. Therefore, the data from this study points to a possible dimorphic sexual behaviour of PrPC. It could be a link between the reproductive physiology of rodents and the physiology of PrPC? It is quite probable that the protein is essential in this context.
The fact that the level of PrPC is larger globally in the frontal cortex of female mice as compared to males (Figures 2 and 6) raises the possibility that there is a dimorphic differentiation. One in which, with regard to the hippocampus, the protein increases in level with age, and decreases in the cases of more advanced age, leading to the idea that PrPC may be related to memory processes and, extrapolating on from this, may be associated with the physiopathology of AD.
Another finding which we have come across is that in mice the expression of the non-glycosylated band becomes more pronounced with age, above all in female mice which is in agreement with our previous findings [30]. One can probably say, by extrapolation, and based on previous findings of Velayos et al. [30], that in humans, and more so in women, the greater propensity for Alzheimer’s disease and the cognitive symptoms specific to the elderly may be related to the level of non-glycosylated PrPC, all this taken together with the above considerations, with regard to the frontal cortex. On the other hand, the incubation period of the prionopathies is shorter in female mice than in males [37].
The first studies on sexual dimorphism date back to 1976, with the study of song mechanisms in birds [38]. The authors concluded, among other things, that it is the sex hormones which are responsible for the corresponding differentiation. The hormonal influence on sexual differentiation in the central nervous system is well known [39,40]. It is well understood how this influence affects the suprachiasmatic nucleus [41], the lateral septum [42], the hippocampus [43], the cerebral cortex [44], the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus [45], the arcuate nucleus [46], the cerebellar cortex [47], the cerebral amygdala [48], etc. Stress also has a strong influence on the central nervous system, for example, in female rats the posterior cingulate cortex is activated, but not in male rats [49].
All the above points to the great importance hormonal physiology have on the masculine and feminine central nervous system. But as in all biological matters, the facts are multifactorial: genetic factors, hormonal factors, etc. intervene as do factors which are extrinsic to the organism, and specifically, in this case, the role of PrPC which has not yet been studied. For this reason, this study is pioneering, as it shows differences with regard to the level of cellular prion protein in the two sexes in rodents.