Intersphincteric Resection Is the Optimal Procedure for Very Low Rectal Cancer: Techniques, Morbidity, Oncologic and Functional Outcomes ()
1. Introduction
Abdominoperineal resection (APR) since miles 1908 for distal rectal cancer associated with high local recurrence rates, permanent colostomy has a poor quality of life, now indicated only in External sphincter infiltration. Total mesorectal excision (TME) in 1982 by Heald consider gold standard of surgical technique for rectal cancer which results in improved survival and reduced local recurrence [1] [2] [3] .
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy down-sizing of tumour and down-staging of disease reduces local recurrence by up to 50%, facilitating sphincter sparing surgery [1] [3] [4] . Circumferential margin involvement (CRM) involvement is a strong predictor of local recurrence, survival rates. A distal margin of a 1 cm DRM is adequate [5] [6] .
Rudolf Schiessel developed the intersphincteric resection (ISR) followed by hand-sewn coloanal anastomosis technique in 1994, on this basis, an embryonic plane between the viscera and the surrounding skeletal muscles. It was reported to be safe in terms of leakage and mortality. ISR is defined as the ultimate anal preservation surgery by both abdominal and anal approaches which consist of TME and excision of the internal anal sphincter.
Saito et al. reported no differences in the overall survivals and the disease-free survivals between the ISR and the APR groups. There are three types of ISR, a neorectum reservoir allow early preservation of function [7] [8] .
Magnetic resonance imaging predicting tumour stage, circumferential resection status, detailed relation between tumour and surrounding anal sphincter complex [3] [8] [9] . Assessment of response is to neoadjuvant treatment [6] .
The aim of this paper is to evaluate morbidity, oncologic and functional outcomes after ISR.
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Nature of Study and Patient Selection
Between January 2010 and January 2015, we retrospectively collected data on 164 patients with pathologic-proven rectal cancer who underwent ISR at Surgical Oncology Department of South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Egypt. A complete history and physical examination, CEA levels, full colonoscopy, Pelvi-abdominal MRI/CT and Chest X-Ray were performed. Patients with stage IV rectal cancer were excluded from this study along with those with proved positive surgical margin involved by the tumor and patients undergoing APR for tumors that reached to the DRMs.
2.2. Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for T3 disease or above/presence of pathological nodes, short-course radiotherapy (25 Gy; administered as five daily fractions of 5 Gy) follow 1 week surgery, or, long-course CRT, patients received 4500 CGy/25 fractions 180 CGy per fraction over 5 weeks & boost 540 CGy/3 fractions on tumor + 1.5 cm margin to complete 50.4 Gy with concurrent chemotherapy concomitant capecitabine (825 mg/m2 twice daily), volume included the entire rectum, mesorectum, and presacral space. Axially the volume covered internal iliac LN, perirectal LN, hypogastric LN, and presacral LN (Figure 1). MRI/Surgery performed 6 - 8 weeks after completion of chemoradiotherapy was performed eight weeks.
2.3. Surgical Technique
Abdominal part performed either open or laparoscopic technique; high ligation of the inferior mesenteric vein is performed at the level of the inferior border of the pancreas Figure 2(I). Mobilization of the splenic flexure colon, descending colon, Figure 2(J), ligation the inferior mesenteric artery after the emergence of the left colic artery (low tie) Figure 2(L).
TME, with sharp dissection along an anatomic plane between the mesorectal fascia and the fascia of the pelvic sidewall, identify and preserve the pelvic splanchnic nerves Figure 2(M). Denovilliers’ fascia is with the exposure of the seminal vesicles and the prostate or the vaginal wall. The dissection was performed as low as possible to the pelvic floor.
The first step of the perineal part of the operation is a good exposition of the anal canal; Saline adrenaline solution was injected sub-mucosally just distal to the dentate line. Figure 2(N) the mucosa and internal sphincter are circumferentially incised facilitates the exposure of the internal sphincter Figure 2(G), total-ISR The internal sphincter is completely removed, subtotal-ISR a two-third resection of the IAS and partial-ISR one-third resection of the upper part of the IAS, The anal orifice is then closed transanally with pursestring sutures Figure 2(P). Dissection was then carried out between internal and external sphincter till the level of pelvic floor. The distal rectal margin were examined with frozen sections, the rectum was removed transanally Figure 2(A).
Restoration of intestinal continuity is achieved with a handsewn coloanal anastomosis Figure 2(K). If enough length Colonic J-pouch about 6 cm is created, Figure 2(C) transverse coloplasty to create a neorectum Figure 2(D).
Figure 1. Volume of radiotherapy: Included the entire rectum, mesorectum, and presacral space. Axially the volume covered internal iliac LN, perirectal LN, hypogastric LN, and presacral LN.
The side-to-end anastomosis Figure 2(B) preferable over a straight coloanal anastomosis. The temporary diverting ileostomy was performed in selected patients.
2.4. Adjuvant Therapy
Patients with T3, T4, and/or node-positive disease received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy; FOLFOX was repeated every two weeks for 24 weeks.
2.5. Statistical Methods
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) was used for data management. Mean and standard deviation described quantitative data and counted with percentages for qualitative data. For this retrospective cohort study, data were abstracted from patients’ records. Disease-free survival was calculated from the date of curative surgery up to first evidence of either local recurrence of distant metastasis or both. Overall survival was calculated from date of pathologic diagnostic confirmation to date of death or last followed up. For patients who lost follow with advanced state telephone calls were done to assess the occurrence of death. Kaplan Meier methods were used to estimate survival.
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics
This study included a total number of 164 cases: 92 males and 72 females with a mean age of 54.5 years. Table 1 illustrates sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Median follow-up time was of 48 months (range 21 to 120 months). Mean distance from the anal verge to the distal tumour edge was 4.1 cm (2.9 to 6 cm).
3.2. Operative Data
The median operation time was 230 minutes (range, 180 to 359 minutes). Median blood loss was 700 mL (290 - 1600 mL), mean postoperative hospital stay was 9 (range 6 - 18) days.
The surgical procedure was performed through a laparotomy in 119 patients (72.6%) and laparoscopically in 45 patients (27.4%) cases. Partial resection of the internal sphincter was performed in 60 patients (36.6%). Subtotal-ISR in 61 patients (37.2%) and Total-ISR in 43 patients (26.2%).
Table 1. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients.
M = male, F = female, AV = anal verge, RTH = radiotherapy.
Inferior mesenteric artery ligation was done at the root in 44 patients (26.8%) and after left colic artery in 120 patients (73.2%). Inferior mesenteric vein ligation: High in 160 patients (97.6%) and Low in 4 patients (2.4%). The median number of lymph nodes removed at surgery was 17 (range, 9 - 36).
A colonic J-pouch was performed in 27 patients (16.5%), transverse coloplasty 26 patients (15.9%), a side-to-end anastomosis 44 patients (26.8%) and straight coloanal anastomosis 67 patients (40.9%). Protective ileostomy was performed for 11 patients (6.7%).
3.3. Post-Operative Morbidity & Management
Two deaths (1.2%) occurred, one due to myocardial infarction, one patient who had anastomotic leakage and sepsis Figure 2(E).
Surgical Morbidity were observed in 24 patients (14.6%). Anastomotic leakage occurred in 6 patients (3.7%) {Four patients (2.4%) were treated conservatively and two patients (1.2%) were managed by abdominal drainage and diverting stoma}. Pelvic abscess occurred in 6 patients (3.7%) who were treated by percutaneous drainage.
Anastomotic stenosis were observed 3 patients (1.8%) {One need a Hegar dilator, second underwent endoscopic balloon dilatation, third underwent surgery (colostomy)}.
Wound infection and hernia in 5 patients (3%) and respiratory tract infection in 2 patients (1.2%).
Ileus (bowel obstruction) was observed in 5 patients (3%) who were managed conservatively. Anal irritation occurred in 23 patients (14%). Four female patients (2.4%) developed a recto-vaginal fistula: {one was managed conservatively and the other 3 had a defunctioning ileostomy, a revisional coloanal anastomosis repair and omental flap} (Figure 3).
Transient voiding difficulty 6 patients (3.7%), erectile dysfunction 24 patients (14.6%), ejaculatory dysfunction 25 patients (15.2%).
3.4. Oncologic Outcomes
Pathologic complete response 18 patients (11%). The median tumor size was 34 mm (range 28 - 56 mm).
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy provided to 147 patients (89.6%) {long-course radiotherapy 122 patient (74.4%), short-course radiotherapy 25 patients (15.2%)}, neoadjuvant chemotherapy 47 patients (28.7%). Adjuvant Chemotherapy in 115 patients (70.1%).
Median circumferential margin was 7 mm (1 - 19 mm). Positive in four patients (2.4%). The distal margin median 20 mm (8 - 40 mm), complete resection (R0) was achieved for 156 patients (95.1%).
Local recurrence rate was observed in 13 patients (7.9%), in {pelvic wall 3 patients (1.8%) treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy, anastomoticin 4 patients (2.4%) (managed with abdominoperineal resection), urinary bladder in 3
Figure 3. Chart of post-operative complications.
patients (1.8%), seminal vesicle in 1 patient (0.6%) and presacral area in 2 patients (1.2%). Recurrence was treated by curative pelvic exenteration}.
Distant metastasis 25 patients (15.2%); {peritoneal dissemination in 2 patients (1.2%) cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for peritoneal carcinosis Figure 2(N), oxaliplatin given bidirectionally with 5-FU intravenously and oxaliplatin in the peritoneum, 460 mg/m2 for 30 min at 42˚C - 43˚C + I.V. 5-FU 400 mg/m2 & leucovorin 20 mg/m2 for peritoneal carcinosis (liver, 10 (6%)); 6 (3.6%) partial hepatic resection for liver metastases, non-regional nodes 3 (1.8%), lung 5 (3%), ovary 1 patient (0.6%), bone 4 patients (2.4%), whereas the other patients were treated by palliative chemotherapy (2nd line FOLFIRI)}.
The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 79.8% and 75.8%, respectively.
3.5. Functional Results (Twelve Months after Surgery)
Incontinence was assessed by calculating the Wexner score, where 0 reflected perfect continence and 20 reflected the worst possible level of incontinence the median Wexner score 6 (1 - 18). Incontinence {for flatus 18 patients (11%), to liquid in 8 patients (4.9%), to solid in 7 patients (4.3%)}. Median number of bowel motions in a 24-h period was 3 (1 - 10). Faecal urgency was present (< 15 min) 29 patients (17.7%). Stool fragmentation 31 patients (18.9%). Difficult evacuation occurred in 29 patients (17.7%). Lifestyle alteration 24 patients (14.6%). Difficulty feces/flatus discrimination 71 patients (43.3%). Nocturnal soiling in 28 patients (17.1%). Daytime soiling 18 patients (11%). Pad wearing 39 Patients (23.8%). Anti-diarrhea medication loperamide 23 patients (14%) (Figure 4).
4. Discussions
Swedish Rectal Cancer trial, neoadjuvant radiation was associated with a 21% survival benefit and 60% reduction in local recurrence [10] , The Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group Trial from 10.1% to 3.4% [11] tumor down staging in 40% increases R0 resection, Rullier et al. complete microscopic resection (R0) was 89% [12] , increases the chances and facilitate sphincter preserving surgery in 80% owing to tumour shrinkage [13] . Schiessel et al. pathological complete response 8% to 30% [14] . In our study, 89.6% underwent neoadjuvant radiotherapy, long-course radiotherapy (74.4%), short-course radiotherapy 15.2%, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 28.7%), adjuvant chemotherapy in 70.1%, pathologic complete response (11%). Complete resection (R0) was achieved for (95.1%).
Martin et al. the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 78.6% and the 5-year overall survival was 86.3% [15] . Oncological outcomes after ISR were not markedly different from those after APR with ranges of 68% - 86% and 76% - 97%, respectively. In our study, 5-year overall survival was 79.8% with 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) being 75.8%.
Akasu et al. confirmed the long-term oncologic safety of ISR in low rectal cancer, local recurrence rate after ISR was 5.7% and systematic recurrence rate 11%, compared to 6% - 9% and 14% respectively after LAR/APR [13] . A negative CRM was achieved in 96% [6] , Vernava et al. no differences in the 5-year recurrence or CSS rate between rectal cancer patients with DRM ≤ 1 cm and those with DRM > 1 cm. In our study the local recurrence rate was (7.9% patients) Distant metastasis (15.2%). A negative CRM (97.6%), distal margin median 20 mm.
Perfusion of the bowel stumps is risk factors for anastomotic leakage. Inferior mesenteric artery ligation at the root (39%), after left colic artery (61%). Inferior mesenteric vein ligation: High in (39%) and low in (61%), the median number of lymph nodes removed at surgery was 29. The median tumour size was 3.7 [9] [16] . In our series, high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery 26.8% only in palpable proximal mesenteric lymph nodes, failure sigmoid colon to be easily drawn toward the anus. The mean number of lymph nodes harvested was 17; low arterial tie in 73.2% the median tumour size was 34 mm.
According to the study of Yamada et al, the patients are consisted of the following: partial ISR 69; subtotal - ISR 16; total ISR 19. The extent of ISR does not significantly affect general quality of life, but it adversely affects faecal continence [17] . In our study underwent (partial 60, subtotal-ISR in 61, total-ISR in 43) patients.
Schiessel et al. showed that although no evidence that a protective stoma prevents anastomotic leakage, but reduce the impact of leakage the need for reoperation. ISR can be carried out safely without defunctioning stoma [18] . Diverting stoma was performed in 19% [19] . In the present study, protective ileostomy was performed for 6.7% patients only.
Straight coloanal anastomosis was first reported in 1982 by Parks with poor functional results, the colonic J pouch was introduced by Lazorthes technically possible of patients (95%). Better functional results not sustained beyond 2 years. Transverse coloplasty was designed by Z’graggen et al. in patients with bulky colonic mesentery and narrow pelvis with comparable functional results [3] [10] [13] [20] . Baker-style side-to-end anastomosis is an easier way for reconstruction [13] [21] . In our study a colonic J-pouch 16.5%, Transverse coloplasty 15.9%, a side-to-end anastomosis 26.8% and straight coloanal anastomosis. 40.9%.
Tinley and Tekkis: Perioperative mortality of ISR was 1.6%, morbidity rate of 25.8%, (anastomotic leak rate 10.5%, postoperative obstruction rate 5% (8.3%).) developed a recto-vaginal fistula [22] , the pelvic sepsis rate was of 2.4%, wound infection 9% [2] [7] . Schiessel and colleagues [12] : 1% benign anastomotic stricture ranging from 2.5% to 19.5% [23] . In our study, Operative mortality, (1.2%) surgical morbidity (14.6%) anastomotic leakage (3.7%) and pelvic abscess (3.7%) wound infection (3%), respiratory tract infection (1.2%), ileus (3%), anal irritation (14%), a recto-vaginal fistula (2.4%).
Kuo et al. reported functional outcomes of ISR 38% had stool fragmentation, 23.8% had nocturnal defecation Saito et al. mean Wexner score was 7.8. Kohler et al: Incontinence to flatus 23.8%, incontinence for liquid 29% and for solid stool 3.7%, Schiessel et al. the mean stool frequency per 24 h was 2.6, Martin’s et al. [15] use of antidiarrheal medications (30%), Denost 7 urgency in 38%, Yoo et al. use of hygiene pads (20%) [2] [7] [8] [13] [21] . In our study, the median Wexner score was 6. Incontinence for flatus 11%, to liquid 4.9%, to solid 4.3%. Median number of bowel motions in a 24-h period was 3, Faecal urgency was present 17.7%, Stool fragmentation 18.9%, Nocturnal soiling 17.1%, pad wearing 23.8%. Anti-diarrhea medication loperamide 14%.
Abdominoperineal resection might be more hazardous to erectile function than ISR Ho et al.: Sexual dysfunction varied from 23% - 69% urinary complications, erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction occurred in 19.2% and 29.8% of male patients [3] [21] . In our study Transient voiding difficulty 3.7%, erectile dysfunction 14.6%, ejaculatory dysfunction occurred in 15.2%.
5. Conclusion
Intersphincteric resection (ISR) is a feasible, effective, safe and valuable procedure with acceptable oncologic and functional outcomes for sphincter saving approach in selected patients with distal rectal carcinomas.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Dr. Mohamed Ismail Omar, M.Sc. for his sincere effort in grammar review of the present manuscript and drafting of the manuscript template.