1. Introduction
Throughout this paper, R will be an associative ring with identity. For
,
,
denote the right (left) annihilator of a. A ring R is reduced if R contains, no non-zero nilpotent element.
A ring R is said to be Von Neumann regular (or just regular) if and only if for each a in R, there exists b in R such that
[1] . Following [2] , a ring R is said to be right semi-regular if and only if for each a in R, there exists b in R such that
and
.
By extending the notion of a right semi π-regular ring to a right semi-regular ring is defined as follows:
A ring R is said to be right semi π-regular if and only if for each a in R, there exist positive integers n and b in R such that
and
[3] .
Following [4] , a ring R is said to be π-regular if and only if for each a in R, there exist positive integers n and b in R such that
. A ring R is called a local ring, if it has exactly one maximal ideal [5] .
A ring R is said to be a local semi-regular ring, if for all a in R, either a or
is a semi-regular element [6] .
We extend the notion of the local semi-regular ring to the semi π-regular local ring defined as follows:
A ring R is said to be a semi π-regular local ring, if for all a in R, either a or
is a semi π-regular element.
Clearly that every π-regular ring is a semi π-regular local ring.
2. A Study of Some Characterization of Semi π-Regular Local Ring
In this section we give the definition of a semi π-regular local ring with some of its characterization and basic properties.
2.1. Definition
A ring R is said to be right (left) semi π-regular local ring if and only if for all a in R, either a or
is right (left) semi π-regular element for every a in R.
Examples:
Let
be a ring and let
is cyclic group, then
is π-regular ring. Thus R is semi π-regular local ring.
Let R be the set of all matrix in
which is defined as:
.
It easy to show that R is semi π-regular local ring.
2.2. Proposition
Let R be a right semi π-regular local ring. Then the associated elements are idempotents.
Proof:
Let
, since R is right semi π-regular local ring. Then either a or
is right semi π-regular element, that there exists b in R such that
and
, so
, gives
. Thus
, which implies
. Now, if
is right semi π-regular element, then there exists c in R such that
and
. So
, thus
. Hence
and therefore
.
In general the associated element is not unique. But the following proposition give the necessary condition to prove the associated element is unique.
2.3. Proposition
Let R be a right semi π-regular local reduced ring. Then the idempotent associated element is unique.
Proof:
Let
, since R is right semi π-regular local ring. Then either a or
is right semi π-regular element in R. If a is right semi π-regular element, then there exists
such that
and
. Assume that, there is an element
in R such that
and
, which implies that
, hence
and
, that is
and then
,
, which implies
,
.
Since R is reduced ring, then
. Hence
and then
and
which implies
and
. Hence
and
, and therefore
. Now, if
is right semi π-regular element, then there exists an element
such that
and
. Now, we assume that the associated element c is not unique.
Then, there exists
such that
,
, then
which implies that
, that is
. Hence
and
, implies that
and
, that is
and
. Since R is reduced ring, then
and then
,
, that is
and
. Thus
and
. Therefore
.
The following theorem give the condition to a semi π-regular local ring to be π-regular ring.
2.4. Theorem
Let R be a right semi π-regular local ring. Then any element
is π-regular if
for any associated element b in R.
Proof:
Let
and R be a right semi π-regular local ring. Then either
or
is right semi π-regular element in R. If a is right semi π-regular element in R, then there exists
such that
and
.
Now, assume that
. Then
and
,
. Since b is idempotent element, then
and
, it follows that
.
Thus
. Therefore a is π-regular element in R.
Now, if
is right semi π-regular element, then there exists an element
such that :
and
.
If
, assume that
, where
,
. Since c is idempotent element, then
and
, it follows that
, that is
.
Thus
. Therefore
is π-regular element in R.
2.5. Proposition
The epimorphism image of right semi π-regular local ring is right semi π-regular local ring.
Proof:
Let
be epimorphism homomorphism function from the ring π in to the ring
, where R is right semi π-regular local ring and let
be element s in
. Then there exists elements
in R such that
.
Now, since R is right semi π-regular local ring, then either x or
is right semi π-regular element, that is
and
. Then
.
Now, to prove
. If
, then
, that is
, then
, and
, hence
.
Thus
, that is
. Then
, thus
. Hence
. Therefore,
(1)
Now, let
. Then
, it follows that
and then
.
Thus
and hence
. Therefore
(2)
from (1) and (2), we obtain
.
Now, if
is right semi π-regular element in R, then
and
.
Now,
. Thus
.
Now, to prove
.
Let
. Then
. That is
, then
and
. Then
and hence
, that is
, it follows that
.
Hence
, thus
. Therefore
(3)
Now, let
, implies to
, hence
, thus
. Hence
. Therefore
(4)
from (3) and (4) we obtain
, that is either y or is right semi π-regular element in. Therefore is right semi π-regular local ring.
2.6. Theorem
Let R be a ring. Then R is right semi π-regular local ring if and only if either or is direct summand for all and.
Proof:
Let and is direct summand. Then there exists an ideal, such that. Thus, there is and, such that and hence and therefore. Now, to prove, let. Then, that is and. But and. Then and, hence
(5)
and by the same way we can prove
(6)
from (5) and (6) we obtain. Therefore a is right semi π-regular element. Now, if and is direct summand.
Then, there exists an ideal such that, and there exists and, such that. Thus
.
Therefore. Now, to prove.
Let. Then and hence
Thus,. But and, then and therefore, hence
(7)
Now, let. Then and hence, Thus, therefore and we have
(8)
form (7) and (8) we obtain. Therefore is right semi π-regular element. That is R is right semi π-regular local ring.
Now, let R be aright semi π-regular local ring. Then either a or is right semi π-regular element in R. If a is right semi π-regular element, then there exists and such that and.
Hence, , that is, then and thus. Therefore.
Now, to prove, suppose that, then and. Hence for some and, since, then and, that is [proposition 2.2]. Thus and therefore, that is is direct summand of R.
Now, if is right semi π-regular element, then there exists such that and. Since, we have, and since.
Hence,. Thus,.
Now, to prove. Let.
Then and, hence and for some. Since then and.
Hence [proposition 2.2] and thus and then.
That is. Therefore is direct summand of R.
Now, to give the relation between semi π-regular local ring and local ring.
2.7. Theorem
If R is local ring with for all and, then R is right semi π-regular local ring.
Proof:
Let R be local ring. Then either a or is invertible element in R [6] .
If a is invertible, then there exists an element b in R such that, hence and then. Let. Then. To prove. Let. Then, it follows that and then, that is. Hence
(9)
Now, let. Then and hence that is, thus. Therefore
(10)
from (9) and (10) we obtain. Hence a is right semi π-regular element in R. Now, if is invertible element in R, then there exists an element c in R such that. That is, it follows that. let. Then. To prove, let, then that is and hence, and then. Thus
(11)
Now, let, that is and hence, it follows that, that is. Hence
(12)
form (11) and (12) we have. Thus is right semi π-regular element. Therefore R is right semi π-regular ring.
3. The Conclusion
From the study on characterization and properties of semi π-regular local rings, we obtain the following results:
1) Let R be a right semi π-regular local ring. Then the associated elements are idempotents.
2) Let R be a right semi π-regular local ring. Then the idempotent associated element is unique.
3) Let R be a right semi π-regular local ring. Then any element is π-regular if for any associated element b in R.
4) The epimorphism image of right semi π-regular local ring is right semi π-regular local ring.
5) Let R be a ring. Then R is a right semi π-regular local ring if and only if either or is direct summand for all and.
If R is a local ring with for all and, then R is a right semi π-regular local ring.