Green Synthesis of New Tetra Schiff Bases and Bis-Azo Bis-Schiff Bases Derived from 2,6-Diaminopyridine as Promising Photosensitizers

Nihad I. Taha, Nashwan O. Tapabashi, Marwa N. El-Subeyhi

Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.

DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2018.83023                

Abstract

Nine new tetra Schiff bases (M₂ - M₉) were prepared in moderate yields via the condensation of different aromatic amines and bis-Schiff base (M₁) in microwave synthesizer. Also five new azo-Schiff bases (M₁₆ - M₂₀) were prepared by the condensation of (M₁) with the azo-salicylaldehyde (M₁₁ - M₁₅) using the same method. The green synthesis by microwave irradiation was chosen as route due to its novelty, cleanliness, efficiency, time and solvent saving properties compared with the conventional methods which lack these advantages; such as time consume and wasting environment polluting organic solvents to achieve the same efficiency in synthesis. The prepared compounds which are believed by us to be competent as photosensitizers in photochemical systems were identified by IR and NMR spectroscopy besides elemental analysis.

Keywords

Schiff Base, Azo-Schiff Base, 2, 6-Diaminopyridine, Azo-Salicyladehyde, Photosensitizer

1. Introduction

Schiff bases, by containing the azomethine group (C=N) as the central structural form, have been the subject of prevalent research in the various fields of industry, pharmaceuticals and the synthesis of biologically active organic compounds [1] [2] [3] [4] ; besides corrosion inhibitors [5] . Recently Schiff bases became an important class of ligands in coordination chemistry [6] ; Metal complexes thereof have shown attractive properties such as antibacterial behavior [7] [8] and exhibit interesting magnetic characteristics as well as catalytic oxidation [9] . Various methods and routes have been developed for the synthesis of Schiff bases such as reflux in ethanolic solution, stirring, grinding in mortar, besides microwave irradiation methods [10] . The last one has received increasing interest from researchers [11] [12] [13] . Synthesis of some Schiff bases was reported in aqueous medium as a green alternative approach [14] . Azo-Schiff compounds are a new class of chemical compounds that are receiving increasing concern in scientific research [15] - [21] . In the present days, these derivatives display remarkable applications in each and every field [22] - [30] . An earlier study showed that the incorporation of Schiff bases into azo compound structure resulted in enhanced photostability property of the prepared azo-Schiff compounds compared with the azo precursors; whereas the azo linkage, as chromophor, assists in extending the absorption of the resulted compound to the longer waves of the solar spectrum [30] . This acquired property enables them to be potential photosensitizers in photochemical systems as a part of the recent strategy for environmentally benign solar energy conversion methods [31] [32] [33] . The aim of this work is to prepare some new tetra-Schiff bases and azo-Schiff bases as a part of a comprehensive plane to develop new photosensitizers adapting the advantageous concept of green methods in synthesis [6] [12] .

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and Methods

All chemicals were obtained from sigma-Aldrich, Merck, and Scharlau, and used without further purification. Melting points were determined using a calibrated thermometer by electro thermal melting point apparatus Stuart-SMP11; and were uncorrected. Elemental analyses were performed by department of chemistry, Ibn-al Haitham College of Education, University of Baghdad, Baghdad/ Iraq. IR spectra were recorded in Ibn-al Haitham college of Education, University of Baghdad as KBr discs on a Nicolet 100 FT-IR spectrophotometer. Uv-visible spectra were recorded on (UV-VIS) Spectrophotometer-PG +92. ¹H NMR spectra were recorded as solutions in DMSO on a NM Ready 60 pro, chemical shifts were referenced to Tetramethylsilane in the same university. Microwave irradiations were carried out in microwave synthesizer, BoMann.

2.2. Synthesis of 6,6’-{[1,4-Phenylenebis(methanylylidene)]bis(azanylylidene)}bis(pyridine-2-amine) (M₁), (Microwave Method)

A mixture of (2 mmol, 0. 218 g) 2,6-Diaminopyridine and (1 mmol, 0.134 gm) of Terphthaldehyde was finely powdered in a porcelain mortar and then transferred to (50 mL) sized beaker to which (6 drops) of glacial acetic acid and (4 drops) of absolute ethanol were added. The contents of the beaker were subjected to microwave irradiation at 200 W (low power) for about 10 minutes. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. The yellow solid product obtained was washed with petroleum ether (50 - 60)˚C grade, followed by hot ethanol and left to dry in room temperature for (24 hrs.). The title solid powder has the yield (65%); m.p. 258˚C - 260˚C; IR (KBr) (cm⁻¹): 3373, 3150 (N-H, asy, sym), 3000 (C-H aromatic), 1602 (C=N), 1500 (C=C aromatic). UV-vis (nm): 248, 325, 390.

2.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Tetra SCHIFF Bases (Green Route Method)

The same procedure which was used in preparing the precursor M₁; was applied in synthesizing the following compounds by mixing (1 mmol, 0.316 gm) of M₁ with (2 mmol) of different aldehydes.

1,1’-(bis 1,4-phenylene)bis{N-[6-(benzylideneamino)pyridine-2-yl] methanimine} (M₂): m.p. 280˚C - 284˚C, 48%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3030 (C-H aromatic), 1601 (C=N), 1599 (C=C aromatic). UV-vis (nm): 245, 320, 395. Anal. Calcd (C₃₂H₂₄N₆): C, 78.03; H, 4.91; N, 17.06. Found: C, 77.46; H, 4.92; N, 17.97.

4,4’-(((((1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(N,N-dimethylanoline) (M₃): m. p. 242˚C - 246˚C, 63%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3100 (C-H aromatic), 1599 (C=N), 1590 (C=C aromatic), 2853 (C-H aliphatic). UV-vis (nm): 248, 310, 405. Anal. Calcd. (C₃₆H₃₄N₈): C 74.72; H, 5.92; N, 19.36. Found: C 74.81; H, 5.07; N, 20.00.

1,1’-(1,4-phenylene)bis{N-[6-((4-methoxybenzylidene)amino)pyridine-2-yl] methanimine} (M₄): m.p. 245˚C - 248˚C, 56%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3046 (C-H aromatic), 1602 (C=N), 1450 (C=C aromatic), 2849 (C-H aliphatic). UV-vis (nm): 254, 300, 410.

1,1’-(1,4-phenylene)bis{N-[6-((4-nitrobenzylidene)amino)pyridin-2-yl] methanimine} (M₅): m.p. 262˚C - 268˚C, 58%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3109 (C-H aromatic), 1597 (C=N), 1584 (C=C aromatic), 1514, 1344 (asy, sy NO₂). UV-vis (nm): 252, 310, 420. Anal. Calcd. (C₃₂H₂₂N₈O₄): C, 65.97; H, 3.81; N, 19.23. Found: C, 65.28; H, 3.86; N, 19.55.

2-(((6-((4-(((6-((2-chlorobenzylidene)amino)pyridine-2-yl)imino)methyl)benzylidene) amino)pyridine-2-yl)imino)methyl)phenol (M₆): m.p. 240˚C - 242˚C, 60%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3057 (C-H aromatic), 1589 (C=N), 1449 (C=C aromatic), 754 (C-Cl). UV-vis (nm): 250, 325, 395.

2-2’(((((1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene)diphenol (M₇): m.p. 280˚C - 284˚C, 42%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3359 (O-H), 3051 (C-H aromatic), 1603 (C=N), 1481 (C=C aromatic), 1275 (C-O). UV-vis (nm): 245, 308, 409. Anal. Calcd. (C₃₂H₂₄N₆O₂): 73.27; H, 4.61; N, 16.02. Found: C, 73.05; H, 5.24; N, 17.03.

4-4’(((((1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene)diphenol (M₈): m.p. 236˚C - 240˚C, 44%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3342 (O-H), 3054 (C-H aromatic), 1602 (C=N), 1450 (C=C aromatic), 1275 (C-O). UV-vis (nm): 248, 287, 412.

1,1’-(1,4-phenylene)bis{N-[6-((furan-ylmethylene)amino)pyridine-2-yl] methanimine} (M₉): m.p. 235˚C - 238˚C, 73%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3107 (C-H aromatic), 1602 (C=N), 1494 (C=C aromatic), 1213 (C-O). UV-vis (nm): 248, 308, 400.

N,N’-(((1,4-phenylenebis(methanylidene))bis)azanylyidene))bis(pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(3-phenylprop-2-en-1-imine) (M₁₀): m.p. 252˚C - 254˚C, 40%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3105 (C-H aromatic), 3060 (C-H olefinic). UV-vis (nm): 251, 308, 401.

2.4. Preparation of Azo-Salicylaldehydes (M₁₃, M₁₅), Conventional Method [23]

Azo-coupled salicylaldehyde precursors (M₁₁ - M₁₅) were prepared according to the well-known procedure [18] . Salicylaldehyde (10 mmol) was dissolved in water (20 ml) containing (10 mmol) of Sodium Hydroxide and (40 mmol) of Sodium Carbonate during 30 min at 0˚C. The result was added slowly to a solution of Diazonium Chloride (10 mmol) in water at 0˚C - 5˚C. The reaction mixture was stirred for (1 hr) at 0˚C and then left to warm slowly to room temperature. The product was filtrated and washed with 100 ml of NaCl solution (10%) under vacuum. The collected solid was dried under vacuum at 80˚C overnight.

5-[(chlorophenyl)diazenyl]-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (M₁₃): m.p. 176˚C - 178˚C, 90%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3220 (OH), 3022 (C-H aromatic), 1666 (C=0), 1479 (N=N). UV-vis (nm): 253, 333, 414.

Sodium 4-[(3-formyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]benzenesulfonate (M₁₅): m.p. 260˚C - 263˚C, 85%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3280 (OH), 3040 (C-H aromatic), 1660 (C=0), 1433 (N=N). UV-vis (nm): 250, 320, 419.

2.5. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Azo-Schiff Bases (Microwave Method)

A mixture of (1 mmol, 0. 316 g) M₁ and (2 mmol) of M₁₁-M₁₅ separately was finely grinded in a porcelain mortar. The contents were placed in (50 mL) beaker moistened with (3 - 4 drops) of glacial acetic acid and (1 - 2 drops) of absolute ethanol and exposed to microwave irradiation at 200 W (low power). Monitoring the reaction by TLC, showed that (5) minutes of irradiation was enough to complete it. The resulted solid products were washed with petroleum ether (50 - 60)˚C grade and hot ethanol and left to dry in ambient temperature for (24 hrs).

2,2’(((((1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenol) (M₁₆): m.p. 233˚C - 236˚C dec., 59%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3361 (O-H), 3057 (C-H aromatic), 1601 (C=N), 1479 (C=C aromatic), 1454 (N=N). UV-vis (nm): 268, 345, 422. Anal. Calcd. (C₄₄H₃₂N₁₀O₂): C, 72.12; H, 4.40; N, 19.11. Found: C, 72.98; H, 5.09; N, 19.44.

2,2’(((((1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenol) (M₁₇): m.p. 243˚C - 245˚C dec., 40%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3357 (O-H), 3025 (C-H aromatic), 1603 (C=N), 1479 (C=C aromatic), 1454 (N=N), 2853 (C-H aliphatic). UV-vis (nm): 252, 348, 439.Anal. Calcd. (C₄₆H₃₆N₁₀O₂): C, 72.62; H, 4.77; N, 18.41. Found: C, 72.22; H, 5.40; N, 18.36.

2,2’(((((1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl) phenol) (M₁₈): m.p. 207˚C - 209˚C dec., 65%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3421 (O-H), 3055 (C-H aromatic), 1622 (C=N), 1520 (C=C aromatic), 1477 (N=N), 769 (C-Cl). UV-vis (nm): 252, 353, 448.

2,2’(((((1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))bis(pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl) phenol) (M₁₉) m.p. 173˚C - 175˚C dec., 55%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3379 (O-H), 3050 (C-H aromatic), 1606 (C=N), 1525(C=C aromatic), 1450 (N=N), 1500 - 1357 (NO₂). UV-vis (nm): 232, 375, 519. ¹H-NMR (DMSO): δ = 8. 11 (s, 2 H, CH=N), 7.0 - 8.46 (m, 24 H, Ar-H), 10.33 (s, 2 H, OH).

Sodium 4,4’-((((((1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(azanylylidene))pyridine-6, 2diyl))bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-hydroxy-3,1-phenylene))bis(diazene-2,1-diyl))dibenzenesulfonate (M₂₀) m.p. 191˚C - 193˚C dec., 75%; IR (KBr, cm⁻¹): 3465 (O-H), 3045 (C-H aromatic), 1585 (C=N), 1580 (C=C aromatic), 1480 (N=N), 1198 (SO₃). UV-vis (nm): 251, 345, 429. ¹H-NMR (DMSO): δ= 8.11 (s, 2 H, CH=N), 7.7 - 8.11 (m, 24, Ar-H), 10.31 (s, 2 H, OH).

3. Results and Discussions

Microwave radiation procedure were followed in the synthesis of tetra Schiff bases (M₂ - M₁₀) by condensation one milliequivalent of (M₁) with two milliequivalent of different specific aldehydes, and in the synthesis of five new series of bis azo-bis Schiff bases (M₁₆ - M₂₀) through condensation reaction of the same ratios of milliequivalents of (M₁) with two milliequivalent of three well-known azo-salicyladehydes(M₁₁, M₁₂, M₁₄) [23] [34] and two new ones (M₁₃, M₁₅), as shown in (Scheme 1 and Scheme 2). However, the synthesis often suffers from low to moderate yields ranging from 42% to 75% besides difficulties in purification process.

The prepared compounds were characterized by different physicochemical techniques like melting point, elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and multinuclear NMR (1H).

The ultraviolent-visible spectrophotometry technique is used to characterize the prepared compounds as (1 × 10⁻⁴) solutions in DMSO as a solvent. The ultraviolet-visible electronic spectra of the prepared tetra Schiff bases showed absorption bands at the region (243 - 354) nm, which could be attributed to the moderate π-π* electronic transition of the aromatic ring [17] ; these transitions are assigned in relevance to the structure of the compounds. The electronic spectrum of the prepared Schiff bases also show a band at the wavelength (287 - 310) nm; this may attributed to the (PhCH=N-) moiety of Schiff base overlapped with the lower π-π* electronic transition of the azomethine group [36] . This band was also assigned by some workers to charge transfer transition

Scheme 1. The steps for tetraschiff-bases synthesis.

Scheme 2. The steps for azo-tetraschiff-bases synthesis.

resulted from (Phc) as donating group, and the azomethine group as the accepting one [35] [36] [37] . In the prepared Schiff bases, the bands shifted to longer wavelengths (395 - 420) nm, which may be attributed to both the bathochromic shifted π-π* transition due the effect of polar solvent (DMSO) and n-π* electronic transition of azomethine nitrogen atom [38] . The ultraviolet-visible electronic spectra of azo-Schiff bases (M₁₆ - M₂₀) showed almost the same patterns of absorption peaks in the regions (232 - 268) nm, (345 - 375) nm; whereas the third peak at (422 - 519) nm is attributed to n-π* transition of nitrogen atoms of azo group. In the both cases (i.e. tetra Schiff and azo-Schiff cases) the characteristic absorption bands at (218 - 225) nm, which is usually assigned to the local induction of (Phc) ring, was noted identified.

The band of (C=N) for imine stretching vibration was identified in the IR spectra of the prepared compounds. Shifting of this vibration were observed for tetra Schiff bases (M₂ - M₁₀) and assigned to the effect of the different substituents in the aromatic rings adjacent to the azomethine group, which were in the range (1589 - 1603) cm⁻¹. The lower frequency is due to the effect of chloro substituent in the ortho position, and the higher frequency due to the presence of hydroxyl group at para position. For azo-Schiff bases this range observed at (1585 - 1622) cm⁻¹, also the lower frequency is attributed to sodium sulfanate substituent in the para position and the higher frequency is thought to be resulted from the effect of chloro group at para position.

The ¹H-NMR spectrums of compounds (M₁₉, M₂₀) showed the following characteristic chemical shift (DMSO as a solvent): the singlet signal at = 8.11 ppm suggested the attribution of the protons of azometine group, the multiplet signals at = 7.0 - 8.46 ppm is attributed to the aromatic protons of two substituted pyridine rings and the five substituted benzene rings, whereas the singlet signal at = 10.31 - 10.33 ppm is due to the two identical phenolic protons (OH).

Azo compounds, in general, are colored compounds so they absorb light in the visible part of the solar spectrum; but their main problem is photoinstabilities, so we aimed to incorporate the energy rich azomethine group in the body of azo compounds so as to protect them from photodegradation by dissipating the solar radiation by photoisomerization and other photodissipation mechanisms [39] [40] . Moreover; this participation will serve in preparing new colored photosensitizers which may find their way to application in the well-known photochemical conversion systems [30] . This will be tested in the upcoming works, keeping in mind that there is a long way and severe challenges associated with this mission such as matching of oxidation potential of the prepared sensitizers and reduction potential of the relay systems.

4. Conclusion

The newly prepared, colored and thermally stable tetra-Schiff bases as well as azo-Schiff bases using microwave activation as environmentally friendly method―depending on our humble knowledge and experience―are candidates to be efficient absorbers in solar liquid collectors, and also as photosensitizers in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) to produce cost effective electricity or in four components systems to produce photo hydrogen fuel from aqueous mediums.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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