Nutritional Status and School Achievements in a Rural Area of Anti-Atlas, Morocco ()
1. Introduction
Child malnourishment remains a leading public health concern in developing countries. According to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization [1], every day 799 million people in developing countries—about 14% of the world’s population go hungry. Approximately 175 million children under 5 years of age are estimated to be underweight, 32% of preschool children are stunted, 16% of birth weights are below 2.5 kg, and 243 million adults are severely malnourished. The deficiency in nutritional status of a child is the result of macronutrient (calories and protein) and micronutrient (vitamins, iodine, and iron) deficiencies from inadequate food consumption or from illnesses such as diarrhea [2]. It is quantified using the anthropometric indices of height for age, weight for age, and weight for height; all are expressed as a Z-score, which compare a child’s measurements with the measurements of a similar child in a reference, healthy population [3]. A low height for age Z-score (stunting) indicates slow physical growth since the birth, usually due to repeated episodes of poor nutrition and/or episodes of diarrhea and other illnesses. It is a cumulative indicator of past episodes of malnutrition, often thought of as stock measure of malnutrition. A low weight for height Z-score (wasting) indicates current malnutrition and/or recent episodes of diarrhea and other illnesses, often thought of as a flow measure of malnutrition. A low weight for age Z-score (underweight) reflects both stunting and wasting [4].
The conceptual framework of causes of malnutrition was developed in 1998 as part of UNICEF Nutrition Strategy. It draws attention not just to the immediate causes such as inadequate food and nutrients and frequent illness, but also to how these in turn are related to access to food through household food security, the environment in which people live, and the caring practices performed.
Consequences of malnourishment include increased risk of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases [5], impaired cognitive or behavioral development in short or long term [6,7] and reduced educational and productive capacity in adulthood [8].
The present study was designed to identify factors that may influence stunting and wasting and relationship between nutritional status and educational achievements of the children in a rural area of ANTI Atlas region of Morocco.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
This study was conducted in Bir Anzaran college (middle school), located in Ifran Anti-Atlas village (Wilayah of Guelmim-Smara in the South of Morocco). This village is 222 km to the southeast of Agadir, the capital of Souss. It is known as one of the most food-insecure areas in the country. Its topography varies from mountainous to hilly areas.
2.2. Sample
One hundred sixty-two children (64 boys and 98 girls) aged 12 to 15 years were included in this study. The majority of children lives in Ifran village, but some others need to walk over an 8 Km to reach the college. The village is supplied with drinking water and electricity and has septic tanks for sanitation.
2.3. Data Collection
The cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire structured into several themes.
Demographic and anthropometric indicators: age, sex, weight, height. The methods of measuring and the assessment of weight and height accuracy’s measurements were carried out according the guidelines described by Cogill (2003) [9].
The indicators of malnutrition (height for age and weight for age were determined by Z-scores and calculated with the software Epi info 2000). Stunting and wasting were defined as height-for-age and weight-for-age Z < –2 respectively [10,11].
Socio-economic data: the family’s income, the parents’ educational status, the number of family members.
Indeed, the educational achievements were assessed by the students’ score in mathematics. In the other side the academic performances were assessed every trimester and the score given was the average one.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Chi-2 test and the logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of malnutrition and the sociodemographic factors and school achievement. Differences were considered statistically significant at a p < 0.05.
3. Results
The average age of participants was 13.67 ± 0.97 years. Eighty four percent (n = 136) were aged under 13 years and 16% (n = 26) aged 13 years and over. The majority of mothers had an irregular income 79.6%, but the majority of fathers 84.6% had a regular income. Only 29.6% of the mothers and 13.6% of fathers had a secondary level of education (≥5 years). Also, the families with low education level had an important number of family members (Table 1).
According to the anthropometric data, 37 cases (22.8%) were stunted, 57 cases (35.2%) were wasted. Stunting was significantly associated with sex (p < 0.05) and mother’s income (p < 0.05) (Table 1) and it was confirmed by logistic regression analysis (Table 2). However, there was no significant relationship between wasting and sex (p > 0.05) (Table 3).
Significant relationship was noted between Wasting and Mother’s education level (p = 0.004) (Table 3) and it was confirmed by logistic regression analysis (Table 4).
Table 5 provides an overview of the associations between the nutritional, socioeconomic parameters and the indicators of cognitive performance. The logistic regression was used to identify the factors influencing children’s school achievements. Stunting and mother’s education level were significantly related to school achievement. The overall F-ratio for all variables was 2.65 (df = 6) and was highly significant (p = 0.019).
4. Discussion
Malnutrition is one of the greatest problems facing developing countries, including rural regions of Morocco, in terms of wasting and stunting among school children. However, a little information was registered about the prevalence of stunting and wasting among school children in Morocco and especially in Anti-Atlas region.
In this study, the prevalence of stunting was 22.8% and the prevalence of wasting (35.2%) was more serious. Also, the malnutrition was significantly more frequent among boys than girls. This finding was in accordance with several studies which showed that undernutrition among boys was more serious than that among girls according to all three indicators; stunting, wasting and underweight [12], and it worsens among boys with age [13].
In previous study of our equip, realized in Gharb plain (Coastal Area of Morocco), the prevalence of stunting and wasting among rural school aged children were 8.9% and 12.6% respectively [14]; the values were lower than finding in this region.
The literacy of the mother appears as a risk factor more important in this study. Wasting size increases significantly with low level of mother education’s (p = 0.004). However, no significant relationship between stunting and wasting and number of family members was registered among school aged children in Gharb plain
Table 1. Prevalence of stunting and sociodemographic factors.
Table 2. Logistic regression test results of stunting and sociodemographic factorsa.
Table 3. Prevalence of wasting and sociodemographic factors.
Table 4. Logistic regression test results of wasting and sociodemographic factorsa.
Table 5. Overview of associations of nutritional and socioeconomic factors with scholar performance.
(NW of Morocco) [15]. Nevertheless, some studies showed that the prevalence of stunting, underweight in children was associated with number of persons in the house [16], [17] and demonstrated also, that children from a low socio-economic environment had had significantly higher percentages of undernutrition [18].
The obtained results of wasting and stunting could be explained by the children diet’s in this region which is poor and based on wheat or some traditional preparations of wheat seeds. Unfortunately, the wheat wasn’t whole in several times. The consumption of vegetables and fruits are frequent, but meat isn’t it.
In addition, stunting was found significantly positively related to school achievements (p = 0.049). In agreement with our findings, lower z-points of height for age reflecting longer term undernu-trition, and had being associated with poorer cognitive performance in younger (1 - 3 years) [19,20] and school children [21,22]. Moreover, some studies have demonstrated that protein-energy supplementation, in young children, is beneficial for the long term cognitive develop-ment [23-25].
It was shown in this study that the parents’ education is positively correlated to children school achievements (mathematics scores). This result demonstrates the important impact of family environment on the performance of the child to school. Our results are consistent with others which found that the child family characteristics’ have a decisive influence on its performance at school. In particular, they stressed like other authors that parents encourage the return of their children if they have a high level of education [26]. In another survey carried out among school children aged 6 to 16 years in the city of Kenitra (Morocco), it was noted that the educational level of parents had a significant impact on school performances of children, and on their absenteeism [27]. Indeed, it has reported that the genetic and environmental factors like socio-economic, socio-cultural and psychological factors could be direct or indirect co-determinants of both intelligence and school performances [28].
5. Conclusions
Malnutrition remains a major problem among school children. Parents’ Level education and stunting were determinant factors in this health problem. The consequences are more threatening when it harms in school achievements of children. More investigations are necessary to study all the possible influence of other factors, due to multifactorial approach of this health problem.
6. Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to the children, their parents, the staff of the Bir-Anzaran High School and to the staff of Ifran Hospital for their considerable help and contributions to this research.