Neonatal Cerebrospinal Fluid, Bacterial Analysis as Seen at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital: A Five-Year Review ()
Received 17 December 2015; accepted 4 April 2016; published 7 April 2016
1. Introduction
Acute bacterial meningitis is a life threatening infection [1] . It is a global public health problem with an annual incidence of 1 - 2 cases [2] , an important cause of morbidity in Africa [3] . Mortality from neonatal meningitis has remained high (60%) in most reports, despite appropriate antibiotic therapy and highly skilled new born intensive care units [4] .
Incidence of neonatal bacterial meningitis was reported as 1.3% in a district hospital in Kenya [3] . In Nigeria it was reported to range from 1.6% in Ilesha [5] western Nigeria to 6% in Kano Northern Nigeria [6] . Mortality rate from meningitis has remained high (15% to 60%) world-wide leaving its survivors with significant neurologic and developmental complications [7] .
Neonatal mortality in Nigeria is high (37%) and infections are responsible for 22% of these deaths [8] . There are well documented reports in literature on the aetiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis in the Paediatric age group (neonates and older children) [9] . Haemophillus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitides are organisms most frequently implicated in causation of bacterial meningitis in the older children while Group B Streptococcus, Gram negative Coliforms Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes are organisms most frequently implicated in neonates [9] . Signs of infections like meningitis are usually nonspecific in the new born hence diagnosis of meningitis must be by lumbar puncture with subsequent analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid [10] .
The third generation cephalosporins are currently the empirical drug of choice employed in treatment of neonatal bacterial meningitis generally and in Nigeria. There is the fear that prolonged use of the third generation cephalosporins may encourage the emergence of resistant organisms [11] , hence there is a need to periodically review the pattern of organisms seen in cerebrospinal fluid of neonates in our environment and their antibiogram.
The aim of this study therefore was to retrospectively review the result of analysis of cerebrospinal fluid of neonates with clinical suspicion of meningitis reported in the microbiology report book of the Department of Medical microbiology and parasitology of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital over a five-year period of January 2009 to December 2014.
2. Methodology
The study was carried out at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) Rivers State, Nigeria. The teaching hospital apart from taking care of patients located in the state, also attends to referral cases from the entire South-south region of the country.
A retrospective analysis of 657 clinically suspected cases of meningitis, admitted during a 5-year period from January 2009 to December 2014 was undertaken. Inclusion criteria were all clinically ill patients suspected of having meningitis that were in the neonatal age group. Exclusion criteria were every paediatric patient with clinical suspicion of meningitis who are above the neonatal period and neonatal patients with clinical suspicion of meningitis whose data are incompletely reported.
Data were retrieved from laboratory record books of the department of microbiology and parasitology and entered into a Microsoft® excel spreadsheet. Demographic data, clinical diagnoses, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) appearance, WBC cell count, type of isolated organisms, and antibiotic susceptibility profile of organisms were collected. Data was analysed using Statistical package for social sciences version 20.0.
3. Results
During the period of this study, a total of 113 results of analysis of cerebrospinal fluid sample from neonates were reported. Forty three (38.05%) were from female patients while 70 (61.95%) were from males patients. Male and Female ratio is 1.6:1. Only 1 (0.89%) of the samples from a day old female patient was positive for culture yielding a growth of Escherichia coli which was moderately sensitive to Ampicillin, Gentamicin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. It was resistant to cefotaxime but sensitive to Imip-enem.
Age and Sex Distribution of Study Population
4. Discussions
In our study, there was a low culture positive rate of 0.89%, this is much lower than the 6% culture positive rate reported from neonates in Aminu Kano teaching hospital in Northern Nigeria [6] 1.6% among children aged 8weeks to 14 years in Ilesha in the south western part of Nigeria [5] and 1.3% reported among paediatric patients in a district hospital in Kenya [3] . However our culture positive rate of 0.89% is similar to 0.96% positive rate among neonates in Louis Ville as reported by Franco et al. [7] . The observed differences in reports from Ilesha and Kenya could be because those two studies were in older children while ours was among neonates. The observed difference between our study and that from Kano state, Nigeria could be because Kano state falls within the meningitis belt while Port Harcourt is not within this belt. This could account for the much higher culture positive rate in neonates in Kano (6%) [6] than in Port Harcourt (0.89%), Nigeria. Our report is comparable to 0.69% culture positive rate obtained among paediatric patients in Nnewi South east Nigeria [12] and 0.96 from neonates in Louis Ville [7] although the subjects in the study from Nnewi were not all neonates, but like our present study, both studies were done in the southern part of Nigeria which is outside the meningitis belt. However, this present report and that from Louis Ville [7] are both among neonates.
Several reasons have been advanced in literature as being responsible for a low culture positive rate in CSF and they include among others, intake of antibiotics before presentation for treatment at the hospital, depletion of delicate organisms like N. meningitides in the course of delay in transportation and testing of CSF sample, improper technique of lumber puncture, delay in transportation of specimen to the laboratory, non-availability of special media for specific pathogens in the emergency setting, autolysis enzymes in the CSF, fastidious nature of pathogens [13] [14] . These reasons are equally prevalent in our environment, as most parents that bring their children to the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital for treatment would have started them on antibiotics bought from over the counter or gone to private clinics where different antibiotics would have been administered before referral.
Predominance of Escherichia coli isolated in this study is comparable to that obtained in the report from Kano state Nigeria where E. coli was the predominate organism among neonates [6] and the report of Enzenauer and Bass from the United States [15] .
The high rate of sterile CSF (99.11%) observed in this study is comparable to 96.7% observed by Nwadioha et al. from Kano state Nigeria. Prior use of antibiotics before presentation in hospital could have accounted for this as this is a common practise in Nigeria and other developing countries [6] [16] .
The problem of sterile CSF results can readily be overcome by employing the use of newer methods of diagnoses that do not require the growth of live pathogens such as polymerase chain reaction and latex agglutination. E. coli isolated in this study was not very sensitive to the commonly used antibiotics in our hospital ampicillin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid this may have been from the problem of antibiotic misuse which is very common in this region [6] .
One major limitation of this study was failure to subject the organisms to ceftriaxone which is a commonly used antibiotic for bacterial meningitis. It is recommended that the study be repeated in the light of this as this will contribute immensely to the management of neonates with suspected bacterial meningitis in this region.
5. Conclusion
Incidence of confirmed meningitis in neonates in Port Harcourt is low. Newer methods of diagnosis of meningitis should be employed. Restriction should be placed on purchase of antibiotics from over the counter.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.