Relationship between Personality Traits and Course Subjective Well-Being: Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy ()
1. Literature Review
Subjective Well-Being refers to the holistic assessment of the evaluator’s life quality according to self-determined criteria [1]. With the economic and social development in China, the subjective well-being of different groups has become an important indicator to judge their psychological quality of life, students [2] [3], the elderly [4], left-behind children [5] and other groups have been used to study by scholars.
Subjective well-being (SWB), as individual psychological perception, is affected by individual personality traits certainly. In recent years, scholars have verified that personality traits are a powerful factor affecting SWB. Z.-Q. Li et al. [6] and Diener et al. [7] found that temperament personality traits (neuroticism and extroversion) play the strongest role in relationship with SWB. Furthermore, the research on the intermediary factors between has also become the focus of scholars’ attention. Job involvement [8], Confucian psychological assets [9], self-efficacy [10] have been used as intermediary variables to study the relationship between personality and SWB.
Under the stimulation of objective reality and subjective evaluation, congenital personality traits will play a more important role [10]. That is, personality traits impact SWB by psychological cognition. The main life activities of college students are on the campus and in the classroom, the perception in the classroom will produce subjective psychological evaluation, and the accumulated learning experience will change the students’ learning confidence. Self-efficacy is the result of individual cognition and evaluation of their ability. It mainly determines the personal action direction from perceptual cognition to final behavior [11], which can reflect the degree of individual affected by the accumulation of objective conditions. Therefore, this paper chooses self-efficacy as the intermediary variable.
This research chooses the students in a comprehensive training course as the sample. The course is in the way of competition among enterprises in a simulated business social environment. The course conducts in a continuous and centralized way, during which students experience a high intensity of psychological stress. Under this condition, the test can reflect the students’ psychological perception in the course. Based on the above, this paper puts forward the concept of course subjective well-being; that is, the subjective well-being of the students in the course cycle.
To sum up, this research attempts to study the relationship between personality traits, self-efficacy, and subjective well-being in the course cycle.
2. Sample and Methodology
2.1. Sample
To determine the needed sample size (n), we use the formula below which is most popularly used in similar researches. After calculation, the minimum sample size is 299.
where
represents the significance level,
represents the allowable error, p represents the general estimate population rate, and N represents the total samples.
This research selects 310 subjects from the course of Management Comprehensive Training in Anhui University of Finance and Economics (China), including 87 male students and 223 female students.
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. NEO-FFI Scale
This research selects the NEO-FFI scale (NEO Five Factors Inventory, Big five Personality brief edition), including 60 items. Five personality traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) can be obtained after the calculation. The scale has been widely used in psychology and personality traits research around the world [12] [13].
2.2.2. General Self-Efficacy Scale
This research selected the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). It includes ten items and uses a five-point single-dimensional structure. The higher the total score indicates the stronger general self-efficacy. The internal consistency reliability of the scale in this study was 0.903.
2.2.3. Subjective Well-Being Scale
The main indicators of SWB are satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and Positive Affective and Negative Affective Scale (PANAS). According to the research of former scholars [14], the course satisfaction scale is designed for evaluating individual satisfaction in the course period. The questionnaire consists of 15 items, including students and curriculum two dimensions. After trial test-revision-formal test, the course satisfaction can be obtained. The internal consistency reliability of the scale is 0.951. PANAS is compiled by Watson et al., and its Chinese version is revised by Q.-A Li, L. Ai and Y. Zhang. The internal consistency reliability of positive emotion and negative emotion is 0.902 and 0.839, respectively. After standardizing the scores, the scores of SWB were subtracted by course satisfaction plus positive emotions and minus negative emotions [15].
2.3. Data Process
SPSS22.0 was used for data processing, and this research also used correlation analysis, regression analysis, and Bootstrap mediating effects examine.
3. Result and Analysis
3.1. Course Factors Affecting Subjective Well-Being
This research has carried out ANOVA analysis about participants’ background factors to their course SWB. The result can be seen in Table 1.
This research classifies the participation role into four types: CEO, department management, financial staff, and others. In Table 1, the CEOs are significantly
Note: the table is calculated by SPSS22.0.
more course SWB than that of other roles.
The significance of the ANOVA analysis for gender to course well-being was 0.056. It indicates that gender had a significant impact on the course SWB. The course SWB of female students is higher than male students’, and this is consistent with the results of L. Qiu et al. [16].
The family source of students also had a significant difference in course SWB (p < 0.05). The course SWB of students from rural areas was lower than those from urban and towns.
According to the theory of American psychological management scientist H.A. Witkin, the individual independent personality of the students was divided into two items. It includes independence (good at thinking and solving problems independently, without panic in emergencies, and even like to impose their ideas on others) and dependence (vulnerable to the influence by others, dependent on others and often hesitant). The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two subjective personality cognizance (p < 0.05). The course SWB of the students who identified themselves as independent was higher than that of the dependent students.
3.2. Correlation of Big Five Personality, Self-Efficacy and SWB
After Pearson correlation analysis (see Table 2), among these variables in the course, there are 3 pair uncorrelated variables: openness and SWB, openness and neuroticism, openness and extraversion. While the other variables were significantly correlated respectively. Meanwhile, except neuroticism and SWB were negatively correlated, other personality traits, self-efficacy, and course SWB were significantly positively correlated.
3.3. Test of the Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy on Personality Trait and Course SWB
Referring to the mediation effect test process proposed by Z.-L. Wen et al. [17]. Taking the big five personality traits as the independent variable and course SWB as the dependent variable, the Bootstrap test was conducted on the mediating effect of self-efficacy. The results are shown in Tables 3-6.
Self-efficacy had a suppressing effect between openness and course SWB (openness and course SWB regression coefficient were not significant), while neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and course SWB
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Table 2. Correlation matrix of big five traits, self-efficacy and course SWB.
Note: *means p < 0.05, **means p < 0.01.
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Table 3. Mediating effect test of self-efficacy in neuroticism and course SWB.
Note: the figure in the table is calculated by SPSS22.0. ab/c’ = 95.2% (the ratio of indirect effect to direct effect), this indicates the direct effect is not significant; it only has the mediating effect between neuroticism and course SWB.
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Table 4. Mediating effect test of self-efficacy in openness and course SWB.
Note: the figure in the table is calculated by SPSS22.0. ab/c’ = 16.5%, this indicates the direct effect is significant; there may have other mediating variables between extraversion and course SWB.
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Table 5. Mediating effect test of self-efficacy in agreeableness and course SWB.
Note: the figure in the table is calculated by SPSS22.0. ab/c’ = 30.7%, this indicates the direct effect is significant; there may have other mediating variables between agreeableness and course SWB.
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Table 6. Mediating effect test of self-efficacy in conscientiousness and course SWB.
Note: the figure in the table is calculated by SPSS22.0. ab/c’ = 59.4%, this indicates the direct effect is significant; there may have other mediating variables between conscientiousness and course SWB.
have mediating effects. Among them, self-efficacy has only a mediating effect between neuroticism and course SWB, and the direct effect is not significant. The proportion of indirect effect between direct effect is 95.2%. The direct effects of extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness on courses SWB are significant, which played a part in the intermediary role. The proportion of indirect effects between direct effects are 16.5%, 30.7% and 59.4%, respectively.
4. Discussion
Classroom time is the main part of college students’ campus life. The experience in the course can not only reflect the subjective feelings of college students’ classroom learning but also provide an important reference for the course design. This study proposed the concept of course SWB, aiming to investigate students’ psychological perception in the concentrated course cycle, explore the factors affecting course SWB, and provide suggestions for course development. SWB in a course is not only affected by student’s innate personality traits, but also by the learning process and living circumstances cumulatively. This study selects the self-efficacy as the mediating variable, examines the mediating effect between college students’ personality traits and course SWB, and provides the empirical basis for the design of similar courses.
Through comparative analysis, it is found that students’ SWB in the role of CEO is significantly higher than other roles. Students in the role of CEO in the course have higher participation (participating in the course management, leading the competition of enterprises). They got the CEO position after campaign speech, indicating the CEOs have stronger subjective consciousness than others. Female students’ SWB is also significantly higher than male students. In the course, female students are generally more serious and have a strong sense of role involvement, which is the most probable reason. The different family sources of students also significantly affect the happiness of students, while the course SWB of rural students is lower than other students. Due to the course’s emphasis on teamwork, students with independent personalities have significantly higher course SWB than those with dependent personalities, this result indicates that individuals are more confident in their abilities and have higher positive emotions.
5. Conclusions
How do personality traits affect course SWB? This study found that there was no correlation between the openness personality trait and the course SWB. Openness represents an individual’s imagination, creativity, curiosity, and sensitivity, indicating that the openness personality trait does not determine the course SWB in a relatively concentrated course cycle and in an environment where imagination is not required. Neurotic personality traits and course SWB show a negative correlation. A person with high neuroticism has stronger stimulation responses to externals, and their emotional regulation ability is not good. They are more likely to experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, depression. This personality illustrates that individuals with emotional instability in a course are less likely to produce happiness. There is a positive correlation between extroversion and course SWB. Extroversion represents the degree of a person’s positive involvement in the outside world. Since the course is a teamwork style, it means that individuals who actively participate in team activities are more likely to feel happiness. Agreeableness represents the attention to cooperation and interpersonal harmony, which is also highly positively correlated with the course SWB. This correlation also indicates that a high teamwork spirit is more likely to experience happiness. Conscientiousness is positively correlated with course SWB, which is a way for us to control, manage and regulate our impulses. This relationship indicates that individuals who avoid trouble and achieve team goals have higher course SWB in a relatively concentrated course cycle. Self-efficacy is an individual’s confidence in what they are doing. Self-efficacy also shows a significant positive correlation with course SWB, it illustrates that students with solid knowledge reserves have more confidence in problems they may encounter in course, which is conducive to improving course SWB.
This study also found that self-efficacy plays mediating roles between neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and course SWB respectively except openness. This relationship illustrates the personality traits of students indirectly influence course SWB by the acquired knowledge accumulation. This finding confirms that the mental feeling of students is combined affected by nature and nurture factors. Moreover, self-efficacy has a completely mediating effect between neuroticism and course SWB, indicating that emotional instability can only contribute to course SWB under the combined effect of self-cognition established by acquired experience accumulation. Self-efficacy plays a partial mediating role between extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and course happiness respectively, indicating there are other mediating factors between them, for example, in the study of G.-H. Jiang et al. [10], self-esteem, emotional regulation and achievement motivation all play a mediating role.
This paper discusses the relationship between course SWB and the personality traits, self-efficacy in one course period, puts forward the concept of course SWB and examines by a relatively concentrated and continuous course. Due to the research only chooses one course in one university, further research also needs to expand the scope to verify the results.
Funding
This study was supported by industry university research collaborative project of Ministry of Education of the PRC (201901266001), virtual simulation experimental teaching project of Anhui province (2019xfxm44). First class project (acylkc201926) and teaching research project (acjyyb2019088) of Anhui university of finance and economics.