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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Did the Neanderthals Produce Complex Speech?

  AUTHORS: Krzysztof Izdebski, Herbert Dedo, Raul M. Cruz, Alysson R. Muotri

  KEYWORDS: Modern Human-Like Hyoid Bone, Speech Development, Neanderthals

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, Vol.11 No.6, November 26, 2021

  ABSTRACT: Purpose: Paleoanthropologists link the discovery of the modern human-like hyoid bone (HB) in Neanderthal skeleton remains at Kebara Cave (Israel) as the pivotal evolutionary step associated with speech development. This finding is cited as evidence Neanderthals produced complex speech, yet this association remains controversial. Conclusion: Here, we present clinical and scientific evidence challenging the pivotal role of the HB in producing speech, and suggest that CNS development was more fundamental than the presence of HB to speech production.