Postpartum Infection in Morbidly Obese Women after Caesarean Section: Does Early Prophylactic Oral Antibiotic Use Make a Difference? ()
Keywords
Wound, Surgical Site Infection, Morbidly Obese, Caesarean Section
1. Introduction
The rising prevalence of morbid obesity particularly in women [1] coupled with a higher likelihood of having a caesarean section (C-section) birth [2] and an increased risk of surgical site infection (SSI) [3] places wound assessment among priority areas in maternity care. Caesarean birth is the single most important risk factor for puerperal infection with BMI being a significant independent risk factor for SSI [4] . Local maternal care guidelines include the use of prophylactic antibiotics at induction of anaesthesia (IV) for all women, and for 5 days after delivery (oral) in those with a BMI ≥ 40 (kg/m2). However, the efficacy is uncertain [5] since many women may develop infection after discharge from hospital with no routine tracking systems in place [4] . A pilot study was therefore undertaken to explore the number of women with a C-section infection in a cohort of morbidly obese women during six weeks postpartum against a background of standard care of early antibiotic prophylaxis and skin closure practice.
2. Methods
As part of a service evaluation, a short questionnaire was sent to 59 women with an early pregnancy BMI ≥ 40 who gave birth via C-section in Jessop Wing Maternity Hospital, Sheffield, UK from November 2011 to October 2012. Approval was granted by the local clinical effectiveness unit.
3. Results
Of 59 questionnaires, data is available from 39 women aged 31.4 (5.9) years and with a BMI of 44.4 (6.5) (mean (SD)). Fifteen (38%) women were delivered by elective C-section (indications: one or more previous C-sections, breech presentation, previous traumatic delivery) and 24 (62%) by emergency C-section (indications: failure to progress in labour, fetal distress, failed induction of labor, pre-eclampsia).
Of 39 patients, 20 (51%) developed a post-operative wound infection within 6 weeks postpartum. Infections were higher in the women who had emergency C-section births (14/24, 60%). Half of women with a previous C-section (6/12) had a wound infection. Three (60%) of the five women with gestational diabetes developed an infection. There was no significant difference in wound infection risk with respect to wound closure material (Chi-square = 0.298, p-value = 0.86) or the use of oral prophylactic antibiotic after birth (Chi-square = 0.2053, p-value = 0.650) (Table 1).
Although all the women received routine IV antibiotics before C-section, only 26/39 received the 5 day oral antibiotic prophylaxis after birth. Six of 13 women who did not receive postpartum oral antibiotics (46%) developed a SSI (
Table 1).
4. Discussion and Conclusions
In summary, over half of morbidly obese women who delivered by C-section developed a wound infection, despite receiving prophylactic antibiotics.
Whilst recognising the limitations of these results from a small sample size, if this finding does exist for the larger population of morbidly obese women undergoing C-section, there is a suggestion that routine prophylactic antibiotic use does not confer significant benefit in reducing infection rates. That said, we accept the further limitations of our observations with respect to a lack of a control group (e.g. BMI 30 - 40) and hence the interpretation of the results outside of the specified group of morbidly obese women. Nevertheless, the observations take a first step in alerting the medical community, already concerned about antibiotic resistance, about SSI risk in this group of postpartum women.
Table 1. Surgical site infection in morbidly obese women with respect to skin closure materials and the use of prophylactic antibiotics.
Currently there is no consensus on wound surveillance and tracking within the maternal care pathway to identify and manage wound infection after discharge from hospital other than by self-report. More work is needed to examine the risk, the treatment pathways and outcome of current wound management and outcomes of prophylaxis, especially after discharge from hospital in this high-risk group of new mothers.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.