A Comparative Study of Bone Resorption between Implant Placement Sites and Non-Implant Placement Sites after Autogenous Block Bone Grafts in the Anterior Maxilla ()
1. Introduction
The bone deficiency in the anterior maxilla resulting from teeth loss, trauma, and periodontal disease, remains a major challenge for both the surgeons and prosthodontists [1] . Since the principles of osteogenesis, osteoconduction, and osteoinduction can be used to optimize therapeutic approaches [2] , several approaches, including autogenous bone graft, allograft and xenograft (as block or particulate form), which have been explored for different surgical procedures [3] [4] . Among the techniques used to reconstruct the reduced residual bone, autogenous block bone grafts has become a widely accepted method to regain the bone volume for implant placement [5] [6] . It is no doubt that the main purpose of bone grafts is to obtain natural tissue contours in preparation for the proposed implant prosthesis [7] . However, bone loss occurs after surgery is difficult to predict, so it becomes a central issue that has been studied in recent years [7] -[9] .
It is necessary to know that the bone quality and quantity of the anterior maxilla after teeth loss will become thinner and lower according to Lekholm and Zarb (1985) classification [10] . The emphases in recent studies have focused on the differences among: 1) the bone width and height resorption [5] [11] ; 2) the block bone and particulate bone [12] [13] ; 3) the titanium mesh and collagen membrane, and centered on the influences of different: a) bone materials [12] [14] ; b) growing factors for bone formation or regeneration [15] [16] . However, there were also several studies to discuss the bone preservation due to implant placement. Cosyn et al. [17] showed that a correct implant and contact point positioning could optimize soft and hard tissue levels around a single implant. Tomohiro et al. [18] also compared the vertical bone resorption changes between implant-implant and implant-pontic restorative environment. The implant under pontic restorative position was used to prevent the bone resorption after bone grafts. It is worth mentioning that Dasmah et al. [19] put forward that the implant protected the grafts from continuous vertical resorption, and the resorption in non-implant areas was prolonged to a greater extent. Therefore, implant, just like natural teeth, could prevent bone resorption and obtain natural soft and hard tissue contours [20] . Therefore, the sooner implant may be placed in the anterior maxilla, the better the alveolar bone may be preserved [21] . However, there were still no studies to compare the bone resorption differences between implant areas and non-implant areas.
In conclusion, the aim of the present study was to conduct a comparative study of implant placement sites (IPS) vs. non-implant placement sites (NIPS), using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. We compared the alterations of the alveolar crestal bone width (ACBW), alveolar basal bone width (ABBW) and alveolar bone height (ABH) after autogenous block bone grafts in the anterior maxilla over a period of 20.3 months [5] .
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
A total of 14 consecutive patients (58 edentulous sites) who visited the department of oral surgery at the Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, from May 2010 to August 2011, were selected. All patients were in accordance with the following requirements: 1) multiple and continuous teeth loss in the anterior maxilla; 2) anterior alveolar bone height defects (=<5 mm) and residual bone width (=<6 mm) [9] , according to CBCT (NewTom VG QR, Verona, Italy) scans at 1 month before surgery (T0); 3) teeth loss for more than 6 months [22] . There were seven male and seven female patients with a mean age of 32.7 years (range, 27 - 38 years). The longest available mean follow-up was 20.3 months (range, 18 - 22 months). There were 2 cases due to trauma and 12 cases due to periodontal disease. The baseline characteristics of all the patients were as shown in Table 1. This study was conducted in accordance with the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.
2.2. Preoperative Surgical Care
Antibiotics made up of both cefradine (250 mg × 2) and ornidazole (250 mg × 2) were given during 24 h before
Table 1. The baseline characteristics of all the patients.
bone grafts. All patients received ornidazole (250 mg × 2) before implant placement as a single dose.
2.3. Surgical Procedure
Under local anesthesia, cortico-cancellous block bone was harvested from either the chin or mandibular ramus by using a triphine drill (Osstem, Seoul, South Korea). A high speed, water-cooled, round bur was used to shape the harvested block bone before delivery to the recipient site. The anterior maxilla was freed from the periosteum and prepared with the previously mentioned round bur until small spots of bleeding were noted. Then, block bone was adjusted to fit the anatomy of the recipient site and secure to the underlying recipient bone with a titanium screw (OsteoMed, Addison, TX) without any possibility of micromovement. An additional mixture of Bio-Oss particle (Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and blood obtained from the recipient site was placed at the periphery of the block bone. The recipient site was further protected with Bio-Gide collagen membrane (Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland). Then, the buccal flap of soft tissue was elongated through small incisions of the periosteum to gain full and tension-free coverage of the grafted areas. The incisions were closed with resorbable sutures (Vicryl, Sollentuna, Sweden) as shown in Figure 1.
During 6 to 7 months after surgery, implants (30 implants in total) (NobelReplace, Sollentuna, Sweden) were installed with the help of an implant guide under the mucoperiosteal flap reflection, which was used to expose the alveolar crest of the recipient site, not as well as previously stated mucoperiosteal flap reflection as shown in Figure 2.
2.4. Postoperative Surgical Care
All Patients also received a prophylactic antibiotic cure during 10 days after block bone grafts, with both cefradine (250 mg × 2) and ornidazole (250 mg × 2). Patients received ornidazole (250 mg × 2) during 7 days after implant placement. Lamiophlomis (300 mg × 3) and acetaminophen (250 mg × 2) were given as analgesic hemostasis for 7 days after block bone grafts and implant placement.
2.5. Postoperative Evaluation
Wound healing, general condition, implant survival situation, and so on, were evaluated after block bone grafts and implant placement [11] . CBCT scans for all patients were obtained again immediately after surgery (T1), 3 to 4 months after surgery (T2), 6 to 7 months after surgery before implant placement (T3), 12 to 13 months after
Figure 1. Autogenous block bone grafts. A, The donor site. B, Autogenous block bone grafts. C, Bio-Oss grafts. D, Suture of the wound.
Figure 2. Implant placement surgery. A, The mucoperiosteal flap reflection. B, Implant guide. C, Implant placement. D, Suture of the wound.
surgery (T4), and the longest postoperative follow-up point (T5) [5] . This radiographic measurement method reported by Block et al. in 2012 was selected [5] . The data from CBCT scans in the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) format were input into an interactive Simplant software program (Version 11.04, Materialise Medical, Leuven, Belgium) to reconstruct all patients’ 3-Dimensional surface model. The maxillary occlusal plane was adjusted parallelly to the horizontal plane. The virtual teeth function in the Simplant software was used to repair the edentulous dentition. Then the virtual teeth axis was determined to be the measurement slice so that each measurement was as close to the same slice possible. Referring to other relative articles [5] [23] , three following parameters were selected to measure: 1) alveolar crestal bone width (ACBW): the distance from labial to palatal at the alveolar crest; 2) alveolar basal bone width (ABBW): the distance from labial to palatal or lingual at the alveolar base; and 3) alveolar bone height (ABH): the distance from alveolar crest to basal bone. All results were divided into two groups: implant placement sites (IPS) and non-implant placement sites (NIPS). These three parameters were measured twice at every slice by different surgeons as shown in Figure 3.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test in the SAS software package (version 9.0, SAS Institute, Cary, NC), was used for statistical analysis of the previously stated three parameters. The results included the following contents: 1) the bone resorption changes for both groups over time; 2) the bone resorption differences for both groups after autogenous block bone grafts and implant placement; and 3) the bone resorption percentages for both groups at every follow-up point. There was a significant difference of P < 0.05.
Figure 3. The measurement method. A, The virtual teeth function in Simplant software. B, The standardization of the “baseline” measurements; point O, measurement from the tip of the anterior nasal spine to the concavity on the buccal cortex; point S, the middle point of line MT; line MN, paralleling lingual cortex; line OR, vertical to MN and alveolar basal bone width; line PQ, vertical to MN and alveolar crestal bone width; line EF, vertical to MN; line MN, the alveolar bone height.
3. Results
3.1. General Situation
All block bone grafts and implant placement surgeries were completed successfully. Dizziness, headache, and other uncomfortable conditions did not occur and the incisions healed excellently. Successful restorations were achieved in all patients with fixed implant-supported prostheses, and all implants remained clinically osseointegrated at the longest postoperative follow-up point.
3.2. The Bone Resorption Changes of These Three Parameters
The bone resorption changes for both groups were the same. For these three parameters respectively, listed in Table 2 (IPS) and Table 3 (NIPS), there were significant differences for ACBW from T1 to T2 and T3 to T4, for ABBW from T1 to T2, and for ABH from T1 to T2, T2 to T3 and T3 to T4. In addition, there were no significant differences for ACBW from T2 to T3 and T4 to T5, for ABBW from T2 to T3, T3 to T4, and T4 to T5, and for ABH from T4 to T5.
3.3. The Differences of Bone Resorption Volume for Both Groups
The bone resorption differences for both groups, drawn in Figure 4, were as follows: 1) there were no signifi
Table 2. Comparison of bone augmentation and bone resorption in IPS (mm).
Note: The bone augmentation (from T0 to T1) and resorption (from T1 to T2, T2 to T3, T3 to T4, and T4 to T5) in IPS were compared by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test in the SAS software package, and there was a significant difference of P < 0.05, *P < 0.05.
Table 3. Comparison of bone augmentation or bone resorption in NIPS (mm).
Note: The bone augmentation (from T0 to T1) and resorption (from T1 to T2, T2 to T3, T3 to T4, and T4 to T5) in NIPS were compared by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test in the SAS software package, and there was a significant difference of P < 0.05, *P < 0.05.
Figure 4. The bone resorption differences between IPS and NIPS at the different follow-up points.
cant differences for ACBW and ABH at T0, T1, T2, and T3, but there were significant differences at T4 and T5; 2) there were no significant differences for ABBW at every postoperative follow-up point as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Comparison of the bone augmentation and resorption. A, ACBW in IPS and ACBW in NIPS. B, ABBW in IPS and ABBW in NIPS. C, ABH in IPS and ABH in NIPS. *P < 0.05.
3.4. The Bone Resorption Percentages of These Three Parameters
The bone resorption percentages of these three parameters at every follow-up point were listed in Table 4 . It was most noteworthy that the bone resorption percentages for ACBW, ABBW, and ABH, at the longest postoperative follow-up point, were 25.57%, 16.85% and 43.84% in IPS, and 33.55%, 15.92% and 46.44% in NIPS.
4. Discussion
The edentulous alveolar process typically underwent extensive resorption in the absence of functional stimulation [3] . Once the anterior maxilla severely atrophied, sometimes leading to facial recession, it was usually necessary for bone grafts to acquire natural soft and hard tissue contours [24] . However, the bone resorption still existed in the bone grafts [25] -[27] . To our knowledge, a considerable amount of radiological studies has used CBCT scans to provide sectional or 3-Dimensional information for the linear or volumetric measurements [28] . The method in which the actual measurements were conducted was important. Therefore, we selected a comprehensive measurement method, which has been reported by Block et al. in 2012 [5] . The advantages of the method included determination of the same measurement slice in each measurement and different evaluation indexes from alveolar crestal and basal bone width and alveolar bone height. Therefore, the method made up the weakness that a possible difference was therefore not possible to detect.
In this study, it was between implant placement sites (IPS) and non-implant placement sites (NIPS) that the importance of alveolar bone preservation due to implant placement was given more attention by evaluating and comparing the bone resorption differences. Even though the bone resorption changes for both groups were the same, the bone resorption volume for both groups became significantly different after implant placement surgery. Furthermore, ABBW did not change significantly since 6 months after surgery, earlier than ACBW and ABH. A previous volumetric study conducted by Nyström et al. [13] has shown that a significant amount of resorption in bone grafts took place during the first 6 months after surgery. Lin et al. [29] has also reported that most of the resorption of onlay bone grafts took place during the first 6 postoperative months. The results of the previously stated studies were the same as the bone resorption changes of ABBW in the present study. However, three questions arise, “Why did the bone resorption volume for both groups became significant different after implant placement surgery?”, “Why was there significant bone resorption again for ACBW from 9 to 10 months after surgery, and why did it not happen for ABBW?”, and “Why did the bone resorption for ABH not change significantly until the last follow-up point?”
On the one hand, the blood supply of the alveolar crest was blocked due to the mucoperiosteal flap reflection, which resulted in alveolar crestal exposure during implant placement surgery. On the other hand, as mentioned above, implant placement surgery may prevent the bone resorption, just as trees can prevent soil erosion. These two factors together led to the further bone resorption of alveolar crest in NIPS. Von et al. [30] demonstrated that vascular supply played an important role on bone formation and regeneration. Barone et al. [6] demonstrated that a mucoperiosteal flap yielded significantly more negative results with an increased width resorption.
For the alveolar bone height, there was more significant bone resorption for bone height than bone width [13] . It was no doubt that the reconstruction of bone height was more difficult than bone width [27] . Usually, most of the width reduction took place during 1 to 6 months after surgery, while the height reduction occurred mainly 1 to 12 months after surgery. In this study, the bone height did not change significantly until 12 to 13 months after surgery. Nyström et al. [13] (as well as the present study) has shown that there was a more rapid and initial loss of bone height than bone width after autogenous block bone grafts, and the height reduction occurred significantly at 1 year examination. Therefore, the height reduction was more than the width.
Table 4 . The bone resorption percentages.
This study also listed the bone resorption percentages according to the different sites and follow-up points. The highest bone resorption percentage (46.44%) was the ABH of NIPS at the longest postoperative follow-up point, while the lowest bone resorption percentage (11.69%) was the ABBW of IPS at 3 to 4 months after surgery. The results were similar with most recent studies (7.2% to 52%) [7] [31] . However, the bone percentages were more beneficial to the comparison with other studies.
In conclusion, this study illustrated the bone resorption differences between IPS and NIPS. This also reminded us of the importance of bone grafts in combination with immediate implant placement.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Research Fund of Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai Municipality (134119a5400) and the Seventh College Students Innovation Training Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (2013061).
Abbreviations
IPS, implant placement sites; NIPS, non-implant placement sites; ACBW, alveolar crestal bone width; ABBW, alveolar midway bone width; ABH, alveolar bone height; T0, 1 month before surgery; T1, immediately after surgery; T2, 3 to 4 months after surgery; T3, 6 to 7 months after surgery before implant placement; T4, 12 to 13 months after surgery; T5, the longest postoperative follow-up point; T1-T0, the bone augmentation volume from T0 to T1; T1-T2, the bone resorption volume from T1 to T2; T2-T3, the bone resorption volume from T2 to T3; T3-T4, the bone resorption volume from T3 to T4, T4-T5: the bone resorption volume from T4 to T5; *P < 0.05.