Soybean meal as a source of protein in formulated diets for tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus juvenile. Part II: Improving diet performances ()
1. INTRODUCTION
In general, phytase activity in fish is low [1] making this a limitation in using plant-based protein in the diet. Fortunately, commercial phytase is now available in the market for inclusion in animal diets. In fish, positive results have been reported when phytase was included in the formulated diets of at least the rainbow trout Onchorhynchus mykiss, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, red sea bream Sparus aurata and humpback grouper Cromileptis altivelis [2-5]. To determine the full potential of soy bean meal (SBM) as a source of protein in fish diets, investigation on the effect of phytase supplementation in SBMbased diets should be further explored in other fish species.
In our previous study, the results showed that SBM can be used to replace FM protein at a level of up to 30% in diet formulated for tiger grouper juveniles. In addition, fish fed with phytase-supplemented diet (SM20P) possessed better feed utilization than those without phytase supplementation. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the full potential of SBM-based diets supplemented with phytase in terms of growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and digestibility of tiger grouper.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Experimental Diets
In this trial, 5 isonitrogenous (50% protein), isolipidic (16% lipid) and isoenergertic (365.8 kcal/100g) experimental diets were formulated with SBM replacing FM protein at 0 (SM0), 10 (SM10), 20 (SM20), 30 (SM30) and 40% (SM40) with phytase (Natuphos® 10000 G) supplementation of 2000 FTU/kg except for the control diet. Fish feeds were prepared by mixing all dry ingredients followed by fish oil. Phytase was dissolved in distilled water and added to the mixture to form a dough. Pellets of 3 mm diameter were produced after drying in an oven at 40˚C for 6 hours. Dietary ingredients and formulation are shown in Table 1.
2.2. Experimental Fish and Culture Condition
The feeding trial was conducted at the hatchery of
Table 1. Ingredients (g/100g dry weight) and proximate composition (% dry matter) of experimental diets.
Fisheries Department of Sabah, Tanjung Badak, Tuaran, Sabah using tiger grouper juvenile produced in this facility. Prior to the feeding trial, fish were acclimatized to experiment condition and fed to control diet (SM0) for 2 weeks. After aclimization period, 225 tails of fish with an average initial body weight of 44.57 ± 0.28 were randomly distributed into 15 cylindrical cages with 50 cm depth and 50 cm diameter and placed in 3 tanks of 5 tonnes fiberglass tank. Tanks were supplied with aeration and flow-through water system (30 L∙min−1) was implemented. Fish were hand-fed with experimental diets twice a day at satiation level for 8 weeks.
2.3. Fish Sampling and Fecal Collection
At the beginning and end of the feeding trial, 5 fish from an initial pool of fish and each dietary treatment were sampled for whole-body proximate composition. At the end of feeding trial, fish from each of dietary treatment was pooled for fecal collection. About 20 minutes after feeding, all tanks were cleaned by siphoning out the uneaten feed. After two hours of feeding, the fresh and intact feces of tiger grouper juvenile were collected at the bottom of net cages by slowly siphoning the tank bottom [6]. The collected feces were then rinsed with distilled water, placed on a filter paper to absorb the moisture of the feces, and immediately frozen [7].
2.4. Proximate Composition
Proximate analysis of fish feeds, whole body samples, and feces were determined following AOAC [8] method. Crude protein was determined using the Kjeldahl method using an automatic system (Kjeltec 2300). Crude lipid was determined gravimetrically using ether-extraction method in a soxhlet extraction unit (Soxtec 2043). Ash content was determined as the residue remaining after incineration of samples at 550˚C in a muffle furnace for 6 hours.
2.5. Apparent Digestibility Coefficient Analysis
Prior to analysis, collected feces was dried in a freeze dryer (LTE Scientific Freeze Dryer, LTE Scientific LTD, Great Britain) and ground using a mortar and pestle. Apparent digestibility coefficient analysis was done by acid digestion method of test diets and feces. Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) was determined by a spectrophotometer method described by Furukawa and Tsukahara [9]. Apparent digestibility coefficient, ADC of experimental diets was determined using the following formula:
ADCs of nutrient (%) = 100 × [1 − (% feces nutrient/ % dietary nutrient) × (% dietary chromic oxide/feces chromic oxide)]
2.6. Calculation
Growth performance, feed utilization efficiency and body indices were calculated as follows:
% weight gain = percentage of initial body weight at the end of trial;
Specific growth rate (SGR) = [(ln final weight − ln initial weight)/days] × 100;
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = dry feed consumed (kg)/wet weight gain (kg);
Condition factor (CF) = [fish weight/(total length)3] × 100;
Hepatosomatic index (HSI) = (liver weight/fish weight) × 100;
Viserosomatic index (VI) = (viseral weight/body weight) × 100.
2.7. Statistical Analysis
The fish growth performances, feed utilization, and proximate composition of diets and whole body fish, and ADCs of diets were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for significant differences. The homogeneity of variances was tested using Levene’s test, and multiple comparisons among treatments were performed using a Duncan’s multiple range test. Significant level was set at P < 0.05. The statistical package IBM SPSS Statistics 19 for Windows was used for all statistical analyses.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Growth Performance, Survival and Diet Utilization of Tiger Grouper
Table 2 shows the growth performances of tiger grouper in the 8 weeks feeding trial. The fish fed SM30P gained the highest BWG (82.5 g) followed by fish fed SM20P (81.4%), SM0 (80.3%), SM40P (72.90%), and SM10P (79.4%). The fish fed SM40P showed significantly lower (P < 0.05) BWG than those fed other diets. The SGR of fish in SM40P group was significantly lower than in SM30P but not to other diets. Juvenile tiger grouper in all treatments yielded high survival rates ranging from 97.8% to 100.0% and these values were not significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments.
The diet utilization of tiger grouper in the 8 weeks feeding trial is shown in Table 3. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) observed in feed intake, FI of fish fed different level of SBM in the diets. FCR of the control diet (1.25) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from FCR of SM10P (1.32), SM20P and SM30P (1.33). However, FCR of SM40P (1.47) was significantly poorer (P < 0.05) than the FCR of the control diet (SM0). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) ranged from 1.37 to 1.60 and 23.94 to 31.41, respectively, and were not affected by the dietary treatments.
Except for fish fed SM40P, replacement of FM with SBM supplemented with phytase did not significantly influence the whole body proximate of juvenile tiger grouper. The fish whole body moisture ranged from 69.4% to 70.0%. The highest whole body protein was observed in fish fed SM30P (19.0%) followed by fish fed SM10 (18.6%), SM20P (18.5%), and SM0 (18.2%) and SM40P (18.2%). The body lipid content of fish fed SM40 (5.6%) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the other treatments (6.4% to 6.8%). The whole-body ash of fish fed SBM-based diets supplemented with phytase and the control diet was not significantly different (5.9% to 6.2%) (Table 4).
3.2. Body Condition Indices of Tiger Grouper Juveniles
The highest VSI was found in fish fed SM10P (9.64), followed by SM30P (9.63), SM40P (8.86), SM20P (8.83) and SM0 (8.79). There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) of HSI observed among dietary treatments. Similarly, replacement of FM with SBM supplemented with phytase did not significantly affect the CF of the fish which ranged from 1.76 to 1.81 (Table 5).
3.3. Apparent Digestibility Coefficients (ADCs) of the Experimental Diets
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of diets are presented in Table 6. There was no definite trend in the
Table 2. Growth performances of tiger grouper fed graded levels of SBM supplemented with phytase (Mean ± SD).
Table 3. Feed utilization of tiger grouper fed graded levels of SBM supplemented with phytase (Mean ± SD).
Table 4. Whole body proximate composition (% wet weight) of tiger grouper fed graded levels of SBM supplemented with phytase for 8 weeks (Mean ± SD).
Table 5. Body indices of tiger grouper fed graded levels of SBM supplemented with phytase (Mean ± SD).
Table 6. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADCs) of experimental diets (Mean ± SD).
dry matter ADCs (64.3% to 74.2%) of diets as a result of SBM inclusion. Diet SM40P showed the lowest crude protein ADCs and this value was significantly lower than the values in other treatments. Lipid ADCs of all experimental diets were very high in the present study ranging from 97.1% to 97.7%, with no significant difference detected in all diets.
4. DISCUSSION
In the present study, diet with SBM replacing 30% of FM protein and supplemented with phytase (SM30P) was the best to support growth, feed utilization and digestibility of tiger grouper juvenile. Fish fed with SM30P showed higher FBW, BWG, and SGR values than in other treatments including FM-based diet (SM0). A similar result was observed in red sea bream, Pagrus major where the growth performance of the juvenile fish (24 g average initial body weight) was not affected after being fed with 30% of SBM inclusion in diets supplemented with 2000 FTU phytase after 6 weeks of feeding trial [4]. The results also indicated that the phytase supplementation at 2000 FTU was sufficient to break down the phytate content in the 30% replacement level with SBM in diet of juvenile tiger grouper. In fact, phytase supplementation in all SBM-based diets was found to generally improve the feed utilization of fish. Rachmansyah et al. [5] reported that humback grouper was able to utilize SBM at 24% FM replacement level when supplemented with Rhonozome-P at 0.075%. Dissimilarities between authors may due to the phytase type and dose used in the experiment.
FI was not affected by the inclusion of SBM in the diets. Diets with plant-based protein are often reported to decrease FI intake in fish due to the poor diet palatability [10,11]. However, in studies conducted by Boonyaratpalin et al. [12] and Tomás et al. [13], the FI of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and Mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerili) were not affected when fed with 28.5% and 30% SBM, respectively. There was even a case of increased FI of fish when fed with SBM-based diet. Ogunkoya et al. [14] reported that FI of rainbow trout (Onchorhychus mykiss) increased when SBM inclusion was increased up to 20%.
Except in SM40P, no significant differences were observed in the FCR, PER, and NPU between the SBMbased diets and the control diet (SM0). Slightly reduced feed utilization efficiency in SM40P could be due to the higher content of insoluble carbohydrates such as cellulose as a result of higher inclusion of SBM [15-19]. However, it is interesting to note that, FCR of SM40P was improved (1.47) compared to SM40 diet (1.77) in our previous study (without phytase). In fact, the FCR of all diets in the present study were below 1.5 which is considered a good FCR value for aquaculture feed. Apart from the phytase supplementation, larger size of fish was reported to better utilize the plant protein [20]. The size of fish used in the present study (44 g) was slightly bigger than the size of fish in our previous study (13 g). Therefore, it is recommended to include SBM in the diet of larger fish due to the better tolerance of fish at this size to plant-protein ingredients compared to when they are smaller. High survival rates (mortality 0.28%) of tiger grouper were observed in the present study indicating fish health were generally unaffected when fed diets based on SBM with phytase supplementation. It is also interesting to note that the performance of SM10P was better than SM10 in the previous experiment indicating the positive role of phytase in improving nutrient utilization by the fish.
Generally, the levels of SBM in the diets supplemented with phytase did not affect the body composition and body indices of tiger grouper juvenile. There was no significant difference found in the body composition (moisture, crude protein, and ash) in all dietary treatments except the crude lipid. Fish that fed SM40P had significantly lower crude lipid content than those that fed other treatments. Lower body lipid composition may be related to the lower growth and poor diet utilization of fish fed SM40P.
The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of both protein and lipid in all treatments were considered high, ranging from 90.6% to 94.2% and 97.1% to 97.7%, respectively. High ADCs of protein indicated the good digestibility of SBM-based diets [21]. Grouper species has been reported to be able to utilize dietary lipid of different sources efficiently [6,22,23]. The findings of the present study were also comparable to similar studies on other marine species such as Japanese flounder [24], Atlantic salmon [25], European seabass [26], and gilthead seabream [27].
Therefore, it can be concluded that SBM can be used as a good source of protein in the formulated diets of tiger grouper juveniles. Replacement of fish meal protein with SBM at 30% replacement level together with phytase supplementation is recommended in the formulation of SBM-based diets for the tiger grouper juvenile.