Technological Advancements of Energy Storage Systems Technologies in Africa: A Review ()
1. Introduction
Climate change and global warming are becoming more pressure issues as greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase. Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are receiving traction because they produce low emissions and are abundantly available. However, their inconsistent output grid faces challenges in terms of reliability, flexibility, and energy pricing. To deal with these problems, energy storage systems (ESS) are being adopted by policy makers, researchers and industry leaders. These systems play an important role in managing the unexpected nature of renewable energy and increasing grid stability [1]-[3]. By taking advantage of advanced grid technologies, ESS can optimize energy use by supporting renewable sources. They contribute to a more reliable, flexible and cost-effective smart grid by providing essential grid support functions including supportive services and load management. The global energy landscape is undergoing a major change, which is motivated by immediate need to deal with climate change, increase energy security and meet rising energy demands. The leading energy storage technologies are at the forefront of this change, which are necessary to increase renewable energy sources, stabilize the electric grid and promote electrification in various industries [4]-[6].
As countries try to cut carbon emissions and create strong energy systems, the importance of evaluating energy storage technologies has been skyrocketing. This review determines to address an important research question: Considering Economic, Environmental and Technical Factors, which energy storage system (ESS) techniques are the most suitable for various sectors in Africa? To deal with this, the paper keeps an eye on how various ESS technologies can be applied throughout the continent, while each region factoring in unique geographical, climate and infrastructure characteristics. It is important to understand the current status of energy storage technologies in these areas as they optimize their energy strategies [7]. This understanding is important for global interactions about sustainable energy development. Africa experiences rapid population growth and energy demands; the continent is looking for scalable and decentralized energy solutions to solve energy access challenges. For example, lithium-ion batteries are highly efficient and cost-effective, especially in urban settings where energy demand is high. However, their high advance costs can create a challenge for rural areas. In contrast, pump hydro storage is most effective in abundant water and mountainous areas, such as East Africa [8] [9]. This analysis highlights the need to sew energy storage solutions to meet the specific requirements of each African region, ensuring that these technologies are economically viable and environmentally durable. Paper delays the current scenario of energy storage technologies in Africa. This looks at the continent’s technological progress, adoption rates and regulatory structure to offer the insight that can affect future energy strategies [10]. This thorough examination aims to uncover key trends, unique challenges, and potential collaborations that could support policymakers, researchers, and business leaders in steering the future of global energy storage. The following section provides an overview of the energy landscape in Africa, highlighting the challenges and opportunities that shape the adoption of ESS technologies across the continent. The Introduction part of the review work is done in Section I and Section II deliberates on the energy landscape in Africa as a continent. Furthermore, energy storage systems and technologies are dwelled in Section III whereas Section IV looked at the adaption and implementation of energy storage. Similarly, Section V talked on the economic and environmental impacts where Section VI briefly describes future trends and the entire review work is concluded under Section VII.
2. Energy landscape in Africa Continent
Rapid demographic changes and diverse economic conditions confront Africa with distinct energy encounters and opportunities [11]. A considerable proportion of the African populace still lacks access to dependable and inexpensive power. Based on “International Energy Agency (IEA)” 2022 report, approximately 43% of the region’s population is without access to electricity leading to over six hundred million people in sub-Saharan Africa. This stark energy access gap highlights the need for innovative solutions, including ‘energy storage systems’ (ESS), bridging the divide to ensure reliable and affordable power for underserved communities. The lack of electricity unduly disturbs rural areas, where grid set-up is often absent or underdeveloped, further exacerbating socio-economic challenges. Addressing this issue is critical to achieving sustainable development goals and improving quality of life across the continent [12]. Thus, there is budding stress on improving energy set-up via regionalized and off-grid options [13]. People increasingly view “renewable energy” (Wind & Solar) foundations as crucial for fulfilling Africa’s energy needs. As noted in [14], the Moroccan Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex is one of the largest concentrated solar power plants in the world, with an installed capacity of 580 MW and a population of more than 1 million beneficiaries, therefore aiding the world in reducing carbon emissions to a fair degree. In a similar fashion, the Lake Turkana Wind Power project in Kenya, having a 310 MW capacity, is the largest of the wind farms in Africa supplying about 15% of the country’s electricity demand, thereby improving energy security and sustainability. These projects are an indicator of the increased adoption of renewable energy technologies across the continent and their potential in alleviating energy deficits while furthering our climate goals. Their success provides a glaring reminder for Africa’s commitment to fast-tracking such initiatives for the sustainable servicing of the continent’s growing energy demands. Emerging solutions like mobile payment systems and community-driven energy projects play a vital role in promoting sustainable energy growth. As Africa moves towards wider electrification, it’s crucial to incorporate energy storage technologies to improve grid stability and handle the variable nature of renewable energy sources. In this scenario, economic, social and environmental factors are all connected within the energy landscape. To effectively assess the viability and effect of energy storage technologies, it is important to have a deep understanding of these elements and intensive understanding of tailor solutions that meet the specific requirements and goals of each region [14] [15].
Table 1 shows rigorous inequalities in power access to African regions based on 2022 data (IEA, 2022). North Africa refers to near-surrender access (98%), while sub-Saharan regions fall backward. West Africa (42%) and East Africa (38%) demonstrate special challenges in rural electrification, while South Africa maintains 84%of a total of 84%of the total despite urban-rural division.
Table 1. Shows inequality in electricity reach in African regions.
Region |
National access rate |
Urban rate |
Rural rate |
Key barriers |
North Africa |
98% |
99% |
94% |
Desert terrain |
South Africa |
84% |
89% |
67% |
Infrastructure costs |
East Africa |
38% |
63% |
19% |
Geographics dispersion |
West Africa |
42% |
68% |
23% |
Political instability |
Source: (IEA, 2022) https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022.
3. Regional Adaptations of ESS Technologies in Africa
Regional variations in geography, climate and infrastructure play a major role in how energy storage systems (ESS) are rolled in Africa. In this section, we will dive into ESS technologies that are specifically designed for different regions and highlight the best options for different regions of the continent. In North Africa, where the sun shines and solar resources are abundant, solar energy (CSP) plants centered with melted salt thermal storage is an ideal match. These systems can store solar energy as heat for extended periods, ensuring a reliable power supply even when the sun takes brakes. A standout example is Morocco’s Noor Oorzajet Solar Complex, which has an impressive installed capacity of 580 MW. This feature uses melted salt thermal storage to provide electricity to more than one lakh people, reducing carbon emissions. Given the extraordinary solar capacity of the region, CSP emerges as a promising solution to ensure CSP grid stability with thermal storage and increase integration of renewable energy [10] [16].
In sub-city Africa, where the power grid can be unreliable or even non-existent, decentralized energy storage solutions such as solar home systems (SHS), which can be equipped with lithium-ion batteries which are proving to be a game changer. These systems provide reliable and inexpensive electricity to rural and off-grid communities, which help close energy access gaps affecting more than 600 million people in the region. For example, Pay-A-U-Go Solar Home System introduced by M-Copa in East Africa. They have enabled more than a million homes to use clean energy by creating thousands of jobs in sales, installation and maintenance. Decentralized energy storage solutions are important for empowering communities and running economic development in this part of the world. East Africa is ideally suited for pump hydro storage (PHS), with its mountainous terrain and abundant water resources. This technology changes height to store and generate electricity, making it perfect for areas with steep landscapes. A prominent example is the Gilgel Gib III dam in Ethiopia, where PHS has been used to increase energy security and support renewable energy initiatives. Pump hydro storage is incredibly useful for stabilizing mass energy storage and the grid in this area [10] [17].
West Africa’s coastal areas are working with the ability to tap into offshore wind energy, especially when combined with battery storage to provide a reliable and durable energy source. By installing the lithium-ion or flow battery as well as offshore wind fields, these areas can meet the energy requirements of coastal communities, reducing dependence on fossil fuels. For example, countries such as Ghana and Nigeria are discovering offshore wind projects to diversify their energy sources and improve grid stability. The combination of offshore wind and battery storage provides a promising solution to energy challenges that West Africa is currently facing [10] [17].
In Southern Africa, the energy view is quite diverse, paving the way for hybrid energy storage solutions that mix various technologies to meet various energy demands. A standout example is South Africa, where large-scale lithium-ion battery storage systems, such as Jasper Power Project, have been applied to help the grid stabilize and integrate renewable energy sources. Additionally, the energy sector of the coal-rich energy of the region is gradually infection in cleaner options, with energy storage systems important to balance the grid and reduce carbon emissions [17].
4. Energy Storage Systems and Technologies
The study turned into changes in energy storage systems (Ess). There are many important factors to consider when it comes to choosing the correct “energy storage system” (ESS) for a specific bid. These include the power of application and energy requirements, response time, weight, volume and operating temperature. The table provides a quick observation of various energy storage systems obtained from 1 [1]. Meanwhile, Table 2 closely looks at the unique characteristics of different energy storage systems, drawing from reliable sources [18], [19], and [20]. In Table 1, energy storage systems (ESS) are conducted based on their main technology. Each type of ess comes with a set of its own characteristics that make it suitable for specific applications, whether it is for grid stabilization, integrating renewable energy, or providing an off-grind solution. This classification includes electrochemical, thermal, mechanical, chemical and electromagnetic systems, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
Table 3 provides a comparison of key parameters for different energy storage systems, including energy efficiency, energy density, power density, life cycle and self-discharge rates. These elements are important to evaluate how energy storage solutions can address the requirements of specific applications, such as grid stabilization, integration of renewable energy and off-grid solutions.
Table 2. Classification of energy storage technologies [18].
No |
Type of energy storage tech. |
Energy storage system |
Applications |
1 |
Electrochemical |
Battery storage systems |
Grid stabilization, renewable
integration, electric vehicles |
2 |
Thermal |
Water tank |
Concentrated solar power (CSP),
industrial heat storage |
3 |
Mechanical |
“Pumped hydro storage” “Flywheel energy storage” “Compressed Air energy storage” |
Large-scale grid storage, short-term power balancing |
4 |
Chemical |
Hydrogen storage Synthetic natural gas |
Long-term energy storage, fuel cells |
5 |
Electromagnetic |
Supercapacitors Superconductors |
Short-duration power bursts, grid frequency regulation |
Table 3. Characteristic parameters of energy storage systems [18]-[20].
|
|
|
Density |
|
|
|
No |
Energy storage
systems type |
Energy
Efficiency (%) |
Energy
(wh/kg) |
Power
(w/kg) |
Life cycle
(Years) |
Self-discharged |
Applications |
1 |
Li-ion |
70 - 85 |
100 - 200 |
360 |
500 - 2000 |
medium |
Urban grid stabilization, electric vehicles |
2 |
Flywheel (steel) |
95 |
5 - 30 |
1000 |
>20,000 |
Excessive |
Short-term grid frequency
regulation |
3 |
Pumped hydro |
65 - 80 |
0.3 |
NA |
>20 years |
Neglected |
Large-scale renewable energy
integration |
4 |
Flywheel (composite) |
95 |
>50 |
5000 |
>20,000 |
Excessive |
High-power, short-duration
applications |
5 |
Ni-Cd |
60 - 90 |
40 - 60 |
140 - 180 |
500 - 2000 |
Low |
Backup power systems |
6 |
Ni-MH |
50 - 80 |
60 - 80 |
220 |
<3000 |
High |
Consumer electronics, hybrid
vehicles |
7 |
Pb-Acid |
70 - 80 |
20 - 35 |
25 |
200 - 2000 |
Low |
Off-grid solar systems, backup
power |
4.1. Critical Evaluation of ESS Technologies in African Contexts
The suitability of “energy storage system” (ESS) technologies varies significantly across African regions due to differences in geography, climate, and energy demand. Li-ion batteries are good for urbanized areas of countries like South Africa, which have proven effective in the Jasper Power Project in providing reliable short-term energy storage to stabilize the grid. On the other hand, pumped hydro storage applies better in areas where most sources of water exist with compatible topography as in East Africa. The Gilgel Gibe III Dam in the nation of Ethiopia is a good example, taking advantage of the region’s natural elevation changes to store and generate energy. Contrastingly, North Africa is blessed with large solar potential, and that’s why molten salt thermal storage would now be favorably considered as the bright future energy storage technology for the long term since it would be feeding on all that comes from the high solar irradiance of the region. These examples show how important this technology is in the brief environment and infrastructural contexts of different African regions [6].
4.2. Energy Storage Systems
One of the fundamental growths of energy storage technologies is the battery storage systems. Particularly, the market highly favors lithium-ion batteries due to their high energy density, efficiency, and decreasing costs [21]. Applications ranging from limited housing set-ups to extensive grid-linked systems utilize these batteries. Researchers are diving in various battery technologies, including flow and sodium-ion batteries, providing different benefits for each different use. One of the most recognized and effective methods for energy storage is “pump hydro storage”. This technique plays an important role in flexible managing energy, especially in areas that depend on ups and downs in renewable energy sources [22]. By moving the water between the reservoirs, we can store energy at the time of surplus and release it when it leaves, which helps to stabilize the grid and reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Its remarkable efficiency and long lifetime make it a reliable option for large-scale energy storage, although the requirements of early investment and specific location can offer remarkable obstacles [23]. On the other hand, molten salt thermal storage is commonly used in focused solar energy (CSP) plants, where solar energy is used to heat molten salt. Inspired reservoirs are designed to keep salt at high temperatures for a long time, effectively heat storage for later use. This process allows for continuous power generation, even in the absence of sunlight, thus promotes the reliability and stability of solar energy.
Sensible Heat Storage: This technique stores heat, thereby increasing the substance’s temperature. The market commonly uses water for this purpose, especially in solar heating systems and space heating in homes and businesses, due to its high heat capacity and affordability.
As TES technology remains revolving, its potentials to show an increasingly vital part in making energy systems more sustainable. Its ability to integrate with renewable energy foundations not only aids in grid stabilization but also boosts efficiency and resilience in various applications, including industrial operations and urban heating solutions. We anticipate that advancements in materials and engineering will enhance the cost-efficiency and effectiveness of TES systems across various industries [24].
Flywheel energy storage systems capture energy through kinetic means, accelerating a rotor to high speeds and maintaining rotational kinetic energy. They reconvert energy as required thereby providing short-term “energy storage” solutions for electricity grid stabilization [25].
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a scalable method for compressing air underground, generating electricity when demand is high, making it ideal for integrating renewable energy sources into the power grid [26].
Hydrogen storage, a long-term energy solution utilizing electrolysis, generates hydrogen from surplus electricity, providing a versatile and efficient alternative for managing energy supplies in various applications [27] [28].
Supercapacitors serve as an intermediary between conventional capacitors and batteries, providing unique advantages in energy storage. Rapid charging and discharge capabilities make them perfect for bids of needful power bursts, such as transportation and regenerative braking systems, making them perfect for short-duration “energy storage”. The rapid response and high-power density of supercapacitors make them an effective choice for these applications [29] [30].
Energy storage systems must maintain the following requirements:
It must have high energy density.
High breakdown strength, repetition rate capability and long lifetime.
High discharge current capability.
Long storage time and “large power multiplication”.
Low specific cost, high charging, and discharging efficiency.
4.3. Energy Storage Technologies
“Thermal energy storage” (TES) is an important savvy for refining “energy system” effectiveness and enhancing renewable energy utilization. It manages excess heat storage during periods of high production and releases it as needed, helping to align energy availability with demand, minimize energy losses, and reduce carbon emissions. Thermal energy storage systems (ESSs) can function from water storage tanks. Load shifting, a process that raises the water’s temperature in the tank during off-peak hours, makes them particularly useful. During peak demand periods, we can use this stored thermal energy to provide hot water and warm air, thereby reducing the need for electricity consumption. However, this system primarily serves as a load control mechanism and offers limited flexibility in terms of regulation. This inflexibility becomes more pronounced during the summer or in warmer regions, where the demand for hot water or heating is naturally lower [31]. The ‘Electrochemical energy storage systems’ (ESSs) are commonly known as batteries, with traditional lead-acid (LA) batteries being a well-established example. Thus, the extensive use of LA batteries is mainly due to their matured technology and low cost. On the contrary, short cycle life, low energy density, and devastating environmental effects are inherent limitations that may reflect their application in the near future. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have many advantages that make them enter the grid market-they typically exhibit much greater power and energy density, allow much longer lifecycles, and have greater efficiency. There are, however, safety issues, as well as a cost disadvantage, because these batteries have flammable electrolytes. Current research seeks alternatives such as flow batteries; for example, the redox vanadium battery (VRB) has attracted much attention. The most outstanding property of VRBs is extremely long lifetime and power capacity of several megawatts. A major disadvantage of VRBs is low efficiency at cold temperatures, which restricts their use in cold climates.
Electromagnetic energy storage systems (ESSs) can store energy using electric fields, such as in supercapacitors, or magnetic fields, such as in superconductors. Supercapacitors are known for their higher reliability, lower maintenance requirements, and reduced environmental impact when compared to batteries. However, their low energy density makes them less suitable for applications that require long-term energy discharge. The “Superconducting magnetic energy storage” (SMES) systems are accorded for having fast and self-motivated response abilities. In theory, SMES systems can store energy indefinitely without any losses, thanks to the properties of superconducting materials. However, maintaining SMES systems at very low temperatures for proper operation can be costly, thereby limiting their wider adoption [23].
The “Mechanical energy storage systems” convert surplus electricity into electrical forms, primarily using “pumped hydro storage” (PHS), offering high power, long lifespan, and unlimited life cycles, but requires significant geographical space [32].
The “Compressed air energy storage” (CAES) and “flywheel energy storage” (FES) are two types of “mechanical energy storage” systems. CAES stores intermolecular potential energy and has large storage capacity, but low round-trip efficiency due to heat dissipation. FES has the highest power density and minimal geographical dependency, but faces challenges like friction losses and high costs [33].
The “Chemical energy storage systems” (ESSs) like “hydrogen and synthetic natural gas” use “electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen”. High-pressure tanks are designed to store hydrogen in fuel cells, which makes them a great option for both long-term and occasional energy storage needs. While there are certainly some challenges, such as high costs associated with hydrogen production, equipment required for fuel cells, and there are also safety concerns, options tied to storing the hydrogen [34]. For example, synthetic natural gas (SNG) Energy Storage System (ESS) provides a way to keep power stored for long periods, allowing low pressure storage as it is dense than hydrogen. However, SNG Ess is not without its downside; It has high conversion loss and low round-trip efficiency than hydrogen ESS. This means that when it comes to energy conversion and storage, it does not measure enough [35]. To create permanent energy solutions worldwide, it is important to pursue energy storage technologies that use joint systems and innovative materials. Each type of system has its own advantages and disadvantages, which are affected by their applications, sizes, and local conditions. For example: Thanks to their remarkable energy density and rapid response time, the lithium-ion battery has become a Go-Two option for high-protest applications. They are ideal for stabilizing the grid and incorporating renewable energy sources. In Africa, the growth of energy storage systems (ESS) is powered by low cost and increasing dependence on renewable energy. Recent studies suggest that the price of lithium-ion batteries has exceeded 80% since 2010, making them much more accessible to African markets. A prominent example is the Jasper Power Project in South Africa, which claims 4 MW lithium-ion battery storage system that works closely with solar energy during peak demand periods. This project shows how this technology can increase energy reliability in both urban and industrial [10] [17] [21].
Pump hydro storage is one of the most reliable and cost-efficient methods to store mass energy, especially in areas where geography is favorable and water is plenty. Recent progress in pump hydro technology has demonstrated its ability to storage long-term energy, which is important to maximize the ability of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. A prominent example of this can be seen in the Gilgel Gib III dam in Ethiopia, East Africa. This dam has successfully used pump hydro storage to help increase energy security and achieve renewable energy goals. By taking advantage of steep landscape and abundant water resources, the Gilgel Gibe III Dam not only stores energy, but also produces electricity, supports the energy security of Ethiopia and supports its renewable energy goals [10] [17] [32].
The molten salt thermal storage-centered solar energy (CSP) is a game-chain for plants, which offers notable long-term energy storage. This state-of-the-art technology has actually made its mark in areas wet from the sun like North Africa. A standout example is a Bokpoort CSP plant in South Africa, which has demonstrated its ability to store heat up to 9.3 hours. This feature guarantees a consistent and reliable power supply, even when the sun takes brakes. Since the cost of CSP and thermal storage technologies falls falling, their economic appeal in areas decorated with the Sun is only stronger. The Bokpoort CSP plant really highlights this potential with its 9.3 hours of thermal storage. While the idea is certainly promising, it truly shines in areas with high solar irradiance. In this case, the Bokpoort plant stores heat from excess solar energy and uses it to generate electricity during the night, thus providing a reliable and constant power supply. This project highlights the long-term anticipated role that “molten salt storage” would play in large-scale renewable energy deployment in sun-rich areas such as North and Southern Africa [10] [17] [32].
4.4. Impact of Environmental and Climatic Conditions on
ESS Technologies
According to the evolving environmental-climatic conditions, the performance and applicability of energy storage system (ESS) technologies tend to vary for African countries. For example, lithium-ion batteries, which are an efficient and extensively used form of ESS, suffer degradation and wear due to the extreme conditions of high temperatures found in areas like the Sahel. The above types of conditions would thus be a counterindication in terms of their being utilized for pumped hydro storage because such technologies are best in areas where extra precipitation is possible, such as East Africa, which has both low-lying areas and mountain topography to allow pumped hydro storage practice. In the same scenario, molten salt thermal energy storage would be more applicable in regions with very constant and intense sunlight such as North Africa with high solar irradiance for optimal performance for concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. This example illustrates that each technology should be assessed and selected depending on the local environment and climatic conditions for the long-term reliability and effectiveness of ESS application [36].
5. Methodology
The review paper employs a comparative analysis of different ESS technologies, focusing on their technical specifications, efficiency, lifecycle, scalability, and applicability in various African contexts. The methodology involves synthesizing data from existing studies, reports, and real-life applications to evaluate the current state and potential of ESS technologies in Africa. We took a deep dive into databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore to collect both past and recent review papers on energy storage technologies. Our selection process was pretty simple: we zeroed in on peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2023 to make sure we’re highlighting the latest breakthroughs in ESS technologies. Plus, we made it a point to leave out studies that didn’t provide empirical data or weren’t relevant to the African context, ensuring our focus remained tight on regional applicability [10] [17] [32] [36].
6. Adaption and Execution
The energy storage scene in Africa is truly captivating, blending cutting-edge technology, economic influences, and regulatory landscapes. In remote areas, off-grid solutions like solar homes and mini-grids play a crucial role. For instance, in South Africa, there are significant projects in progress aimed at enhancing grid reliability and facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources, all while keeping local needs and global trends in mind. The introduction of innovative “pay-as-you-go” payment models has made it much easier for people to tap into small-scale energy storage options. Yet, hurdles like infrastructure and funding continue to pose challenges for wider adoption [37]. On a global scale, the drive for energy storage technologies is transforming our perspective on energy security, helping to cut down greenhouse gas emissions, and modernizing electrical systems. By leveraging artificial intelligence and smart grid technology, we can boost operational efficiency, and the rising popularity of electric vehicles is further fueling the demand for stationary storage solutions [38] [39].
Thanks to their developed regulatory structure, African countries are making significant progress in adopting energy storage systems (ESS). For example, take South Africa; It has successfully integrated energy storage and renewable energy in its Integrated Resource Scheme (IRP), setting a clear target for deployment of air, solar and battery storage. Meanwhile, Kenya’s Energy Act creates an auxiliary legal framework that encourages investment in renewable energy including energy storage. It is particularly in favor of private participation and streamlines the approval of the project [36]-[40]. These regulatory initiatives suggest how well-thought out policy change can accelerate adopting essay technologies, solve local energy challenges, and form the basis for a permanent and flexible future across Africa. Additionally, the trend of “stacking” features—where energy storage systems provide multiple grid services at a time—gaining popularity, enhances the economic benefits of these investments [41] [42].
7. Economic, Environmental Impacts, and Forthcoming
Tendencies
The rise of energy storage technologies exceeds just one technology change; It brings important economic and environmental effects. Given these effects, especially in Africa, gives us a clear view of how energy storage promotes durable energy infection.
7.1. Economic Impacts
When it comes to addressing energy access issues in Africa, the economic benefits of energy storage technologies are deeply connected. Off-grind and local energy storage solutions are important for providing reliable electricity and empowering communities by running economic growth. A great example is a bounce in the solar home system characterized by the lithium-ion battery, which has enabled more than a million homes to reach clean energy in East Africa. This infection has also created thousands of jobs in areas such as sales, installation and maintenance. These systems show how energy storage technologies can help reduce poverty and promote local economic growth. Small scale initiatives such as solar home systems with battery storage, not only support local businesses, but also enhance the quality of life of people [10]-[17] [43]. Thanks to their ability, scalability and innovative financing options, energy storage solutions are equally opened for individuals and companies. An ideal depiction of this is M-Copa Solar in East Africa, which has successfully transported the solar home system with lithium-ion batteries to more than one million houses! This approach not only provides access to clean energy, but has also generated thousands of jobs in sales, installation and maintenance, which has greatly improved livelihood through the Pay-A-U-Go Financing Model. M-KOPA shows how energy storage can actually provide economic empowerment and inclusive growth for under-represented communities with off-grid households being able to power small businesses and access digital services. These evidences showcase the path-finding potential of battery energy storage systems in not only addressing energy poverty but also developing local economies. The initial investment for lithium-ion batteries is high, with costs ranging from 200 to 300 per kWh. However, the long-term savings from reduced fossil fuel dependency and lower maintenance costs make them economically viable. For example, a study in Kenya found that the adoption of solar PV with battery storage reduced energy costs by 30% over a 10-year period.
This cost reduction is particularly significant in rural areas, where decentralized ESS solutions provide affordable and reliable electricity to off-grid communities [17] [43] [44].
Pumped hydro storage (PHS) does come with a hefty upfront cost because it needs big infrastructure like reservoirs and turbines. But the good news is that it has a long lifespan over 50 years and low operational costs, making it a smart choice for large-scale energy storage. Take Ethiopia’s Gilgel Gibe III Dam, for example; it’s a great case of how PHS can boost energy security and cut down on fossil fuel dependence. On the other hand, concentrated solar power (CSP) plants with molten salt thermal storage also require a significant initial investment, especially for building solar fields and thermal storage systems. Still, the long-term perks, like lower carbon emissions and better grid stability, make it worth it. A prime example is the Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex in Morocco, which has not only slashed greenhouse gas emissions but also created thousands of jobs, helping to drive local economic growth. These advantages are vital for fostering sustainable development and enhancing energy infrastructure across Africa [10]-[17] [43] [44].
7.2. Environmental Impacts
Embracing energy storage systems (ESS) in Africa comes with some important economic factors to consider, like the initial investment, ongoing operational costs, and the potential for long-term savings. Sure, the upfront costs of these technologies can be steep, but the financial perks over time often make it worth it, especially when you factor in less reliance on fossil fuels and lower maintenance expenses. In Africa, the goal of steering clear of traditional energy growth models is closely tied to the environmental impacts of energy storage technology. ESS encourages localized and off-grid solutions, which helps cut down on the use of diesel generators and other polluting energy sources in remote areas. This shift not only helps protect the local environment but also enhances air quality. A 2021 report from the World Bank highlighted that implementing solar home systems in certain regions has led to a 30% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, helping to mitigate some of the negative environmental effects associated with conventional fossil fuel energy sources. For example, East African homes have adopted solar home systems widely and, thus, have reduced the uses of kerosene lamps and diesel generators. This has been translated into lower “greenhouse gas” emissions and reduced indoor air pollution. Such observations highlight the important role of renewable energy and storage technologies in their contribution to environmental sustainability and combating climate change, particularly in areas highly dependent on polluting energy sources [10]-[17] [45] [46]. The push for renewable energy technology, supported by energy storage solutions, is in line with global initiatives to tackle climate change [47]. To safeguard the environment for the long haul, Africa needs to focus on sustainable and eco-friendly practices while building its energy infrastructure [46]. ESS technologies play a crucial role in cutting down “greenhouse gas emissions” by facilitating a greater use of renewable energy. Take South Africa, for instance; the implementation of pumped hydro storage could potentially slash CO2 emissions by a whopping 1.5 million tons each year by 2030. Likewise, Morocco’s Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex has successfully avoided around 760,000 tons of CO2 emissions annually, showcasing the environmental advantages of concentrated solar power (CSP) paired with thermal storage. In rural areas, decentralized energy storage solutions, like a solar home system with lithium-ion batteries, have significantly reduced dependence on kerosene lamps and diesel generators. This change has not only improved air quality, but has also addressed indoor air pollution, which is a major health concern in many African communities. For example, widely adopting solar home systems in East Africa has led to an impressive decline of kerosene by more than 80%, which has greatly increased air quality. Additionally, the Energy Storage System (ESS) plays an important role in integrating the variable and wind sources such as solar and wind in the technologies power grid. By capturing additional energy during peak production and releasing it when there is an increase in demand, these technologies help to stabilize the grid and reduce dependence on fossil fuel-based peak power plants. It not only cuts carbon emissions, but also paves a more durable energy to the future [10]-[17] [46] [47].
7.3. Forthcoming Tendencies
The outlook for energy storage technology in Africa is optimistic, with an emphasis on localized and independent solutions. This trend is being propelled by progressions in small-scale battery technologies and the introduction of state-of-the-art sponsoring mechanisms. The utilization of mobile-based payment methods and community-led efforts is anticipated to enhance the acceptance of energy storage solutions in isolated regions. Anticipated growth is projected in microgrid initiatives that integrate solar energy and battery storage, thereby delivering dependable electricity to communities that lack access to reliable power. As Africa embraces renewable energy sources, the power systems will shift from being centralized to becoming more distributed and resilient energy infrastructures.
8. Summary and Conclusion
8.1. Summary
The paper “Technological Advancements of Energy Storage System Technologies in Africa: A Review” examines the advancements, adoption rates, and regulatory environments of energy storage technologies across Africa. The goal is to provide insights for future energy growth strategies. Key technologies reviewed include “lithium-ion batteries, flow batteries, molten salt thermal storage”, and pumped hydro storage. The review highlights the importance of ESS in managing the recurrent landscape of renewable energy foundations, enhancing grid consistency, and supporting regionalized energy solutions. Findings indicate that ESS technologies can significantly improve energy access and grid steadiness, particularly in remote regions. However, encounters such as high costs and regional disparities in infrastructure persist. The paper emphasizes the need for tailored solutions and innovative financing models to support justifiable energy transitions in Africa. Future research should focus performance, economic viability, and “environmental impacts” of ESS technologies.
8.2. Conclusion
Energy storage technologies are transforming global energy systems by enhancing the combination of renewable foundations, stabilizing grids, and advancing electrification. Africa’s unique energy challenges and opportunities, such as rapid population growth, changing energy demands, a substantial percentage of the population missing unfailing electricity access, shape the adoption of these technologies. Regionalized and off-grid solutions, such as solar household installation, mini-grids with battery storage, are crucial for talking energy admittance trials in isolated regions. Large-scale projects in countries like South Africa incorporate energy storage to boost grid steadiness and facilitate renewable energy combination. Despite substantial obstacles like inadequate infrastructure and funding limitations, the adoption of “energy storage” technologies accelerating globally. Innovations in artificial intelligence, smart grid technologies, and the increasing popularity of electric vehicles are rapidly driving management of “energy storage systems” (ESS). The forthcoming of “energy storage” in Africa likely emphasize regionalized solutions, supported by advancements in battery technologies and innovative financing models, contributive to a more strong and sustainable energy landscape.
8.3. Future Trends
Energy storage technology in Africa is poised for future success due to an emphasis on localized and independent solutions. This optimism comes from the potential advances in small-scale battery technology, as well as new and innovative financing options. We anticipate the mobile payment system and community co-operative models will support more widespread uptake of energy storage solutions for remote communities. Microgrid projects that combine batteries with solar will provide reliable electricity for communities currently struggling with stable access to energy. As Africa continues to embrace renewable energy, we are moving away from centralized power type systems toward more distributed and resilient energy systems. When we look at certain future predictions, and apply examples such as AI Driven Energy Management Systems, we see that embedding Artificial Intelligence (AI) within these systems will provide more intelligence and control in their operation. Rising Adoption of Lithium-Ion Batteries; As the price of “lithium-ion batteries” continues declining, adoption expected to extend in urban and rural areas. By 2030 the ESS market in Africa is projected to expand by 20% per year with lithium-ion batteries being a major contributor. Growth of Hybrid ESS Solutions: Hybrid ESS solutions, which blend various technologies like solar PV, wind, and battery storage, are likely to gain popularity in regions with diverse energy needs. These systems will offer a more flexible and resilient energy supply, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources [10]-[17] [46]-[49].
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to all senior academic colleagues (Professor Dr. M. S. Fofanah (DVC, BO Campus), Dr. Ibrahim Dumbuya (H.O.D, Industrial Technology Department), Ing. Dr. Maurice Sesay (PhD, PostDoc, MSLIE), Dr. M. Jalloh (University Registrar), Dr. M. Blango (Dean, School of Technology), Mr. Yahya Labay Kamara (Ag. H.O.D, Computer Science and I.T Department), Dr. John Koroma, Liberians, and department heads from Njala University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, and Freetown Polytechnic College for their generous support throughout our review process.