Dynamics of a Stochastic Delayed Predator-Prey System with Beddington-DeAngelis Functional Response ()
1. Introduction
The dynamical relationship between prey and predator has long been and will continue to be a dominant theme in ecology due to its universal importance and existence. One important component of the predator-prey is functional response, i.e. the rate of prey consumption by an average predator. The functional response can be classified into two types: predator-dependent and prey-dependent. The classical Holling types I-III [1] [2] are strictly prey-dependent functional response; The main predator-dependent functional response has Crowley-Martin type [3], Hassell-Varley type [4], as well as Beddington-DeAngelis type by Beddington [5] and DeAngelis et al. [6]. There is much significant evidence to suggest that Beddington-DeAngelis functional response occurs quite frequently in natural systems and laboratory (see e.g. [7] [8] ). The classical predator-prey model with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response can be expressed as follows
(1.1)
where
and
represent the size of the prey and predator populations at time t, respectively. The parameter
denotes the intrinsic growth rate of the prey population and
denotes the death date of the predator population. The parameter
and
are the density-dependent coefficients of the prey and predator populations, respectively. The parameter
and
represent the capturing rate of the predator and the rate of conversion of nutrients into the reproduction for the predator, respectively.
However, the model is deterministic, and does not incorporate the effect of environmental noise, which is always present. In the real world, population models are always affected by the environmental noise, which is an important component in an ecosystem [9] [10]. Thus, it is interesting to study how the environmental noise affects the population models. To fit the reality better, many authors have introduced white noise into the population dynamics to reveal the effects of the white noise [11] [12]. Inspired by the above facts, in this paper, we assume that fluctuations in the environment mainly affect the intrinsic growth rate
and the death rate
, that is
Then we obtain the following stochastic system
(1.2)
On the other hand, more realistic and interesting models of population interactions should take the effects of time delay into account [13] [14] [15] [16]. In general, delay differential equations can exhibit much more complicated dynamics than differential equations without delay. Liu [17] has investigated global asymptotic stability of the positive equilibrium about stochastic predator-prey system with Beddingtons-DeAngelis and time delay. However, so far as we know a very little amount of work has been done with the stochastic predator-prey system with Beddingtons-DeAngelis and time delay. Therefore it is interesting and important to study the following stochastic delayed predator-prey model with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response.
(1.3)
with the initial conditions
where
denotes the delay;
,
,
and
is any norm in
. As usual, we use the notation
for
.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we show that system (1.3) has a global positive solution. In Section 3, stochastic ultimate boundedness is studied. In Section 4, we investigate the asymptotic moment estimation. In Section 5, we present numerical simulations to illustrate our mathematical findings. We close the paper with conclusions and discussions in Section 6.
2. Global Positive Solutions
Throughout this paper, unless otherwise specified, let
be a complete probability space with a filtration
satisfying the usual conditions (i.e. it is right continuous and
contains all
-null sets). Moreover, let
be standard Brownian motions defined on this probability space. Also let
.
In order for a stochastic differential equation to have a global solution for any given initial condition, it is generally necessary to data the coefficients of the equation are generally required to satisfy the liner growth condition and local Lipschitz condition (see e.g. [18] ). However, the coefficients of (1.3) neither obey the linear growth condition nor local Lipschitz condition. The existence of local positive solutions is given by variable substitution and Itô’s formula.
Lemma 2.1. For any initial value
, there is a unique positive local solution
of system (1.3), where
and
is the explosion time.
Proof. Consider the following system
(2.1)
with initial value
. It is clear that the coefficient of system (2.1) satisfy local Lipschitz condition, then there is an unique local solution
of system (2.1). Therefore, by Itô’s formula, it is easy to find that
is the unique positive local solution of the system (1.3) with the initial value
.
Next, give the existence of the positive solution.
Theorem 2.1. For any given initial value
,
there is a unique solution
of system (1.3) on
, and the solution will remain in
with probability 1.
Proof. Since, Lemma 2.1 shows that there is a positive local solution
of system (1.3), then to show this solution is global, we only need to show that
, Let
be sufficiently large so that both
and
lie within the interval
. For each integer
, define the stopping time
where throughout this paper, we set
(as usual
denotes the empty set). Clearly,
is increasing as
. Set
, Whence
. If we can show that
, Then
and
. For if this statement is false, then there are a pair of constants
and
, such that
Hence there is an integer
such that
(2.2)
Define a C2-function
by
The non-negativity of
can be seen from
.
Using Itô’s formula, we get
(2.3)
where
which implies that
Because next inequality exists, we can get (2.3)
To sum up, we can get
(2.4)
Integrating both sides of the above inequality from 0 to
and then taking the expectations leads to
So
Hence
(2.5)
Set
for
, then by (2.2), we know
. Note that for every
, there is at last one of
equal either u or 1/u, then
is no less then
.
It then follows from (2.2) and (2.5) that
where
is the indicator function of
. Letting
leads to the contradiction that
So we must have
.
3. Stochastic Ultimate Boundedness
Define 3.1. The solution of system (1.3) is random and ultimately bounded, if there exists an any positive constant
so that for any initial value
, it satisfies
Lemma 3.1. For any initial value
,
is a solution of the system (1.3), there exists positive constants
satisfies
Proof. Define
, If
, we have
(3.1)
where
Because of
,
, so
where H is a positive number, substitute it into Equation (3.2) to get
Applying Itô’s formula again, get
(3.2)
Taking the expectation of both sides of above inequality (3.2)
Namely
And because
So
Therefore
Among them
Further considering the stochastic ultimate boundedness of the solution, the following propreties hold true.
Theorem 3.1. The solution of system (1.3) is finally bounded by randomness.
Proof. Applying Lemma 3.1, set
, then there exists
, so that
For any
, setting
, an application of Chebyshev’s inequality, there is
So
Namely
which is the desired assertion.
4. Asymptotic Moment Estimation
Theorem 2.1 and Theorem 3.1 show that, for any given initial condition, system (1.3) has a unique global positive solution and the solution is random and finally has upper bounded. The asymptotic moment of the solution is estimated below.
Theorem 4.1. For any given
, there is positive constant
such that the solutions of system (1.3) with the initial condition
, have the following property
(4.1)
where
is in dependent of the initial value.
Proof. Define a C2-function
By Itô’s formula, one can see that
(4.2)
where
Therefore
(4.3)
where M is a positive number, if we take
, from (4.1), we can get
(4.4)
Substituting Equation (4.4) into (4.2)
So
Integrating both sides of the above inequality from 0 to
and then taking the expectations leads to
Namely
Dividing both sides by T
If we set
We get Equation (4.1), which is the desired assertion.
5. Numerical Simulations
Utilize the Milstein method (see e.g., [19] ) to verify the theoretical results.
Considering the following discretization equations:
(5.1)
where
and
are Gaussian random variables that are independent of each other and follow the standard normal distribution
. Set
, step length is 300, select
And assume that the parameters below are the same as above.
Suppose initial data
Select
, it can be seen from Theorem 3.1 that system (5.1) is stochastic ultimate boundedness (See green line in Figure 1(a) and Figure 2(a)). In order to discuss the influence of random white noise,
is selected to obtain the deterministic system corresponding to system (5.1), which is ultimately bounded (See red line in Figure 1(a) and Figure 2(a)). The blue lines represent the probability density functions of x and y at time 300 (in Figure 1(b) and Figure 2(b)).
Figure 1. System (5.1) take the initial data
, (a) Green line:
, red line:
. (b) The blue line represents the probability functions of
Figure 2. System (5.1) take the initial data
, (a) Green line:
, red line:
. (b) The blue line represents the probability functions of y.
6. Conclusion
The research of predator-prey system has certainly theory and application value. In this paper, we study a stochastic delayed predator-prey system with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response and discuss some properties of the system solution, which include existence and uniqueness of the global positive solution, stochastic ultimate boundedness of the solution, and asymptotic moment estimate. These properties provide a theoretical basis for the management of population dynamic system. Based on this work, we can also study population dynamics system with time delay and other types of functional responses.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11861027).