1. Introduction
With the rapid development of optical OFDM access technology, it has become one promising modulation technique [1]. OFDM has a lot of advantages, such as high spectrum efficiency, strong dispersion tolerance and small inter symbol interference (ISI). But, optical OFDM system has high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). And the system PAPR will be impacted by a different number of sub-carriers. Since the 16QAM mapping has higher complexity than 4QAM, but it has high frequency efficiency [2]-[5]. Hence, 8QAM modulation as a trade-off solution is chosen to generate OFDM signals. In this article, 8QAM-OFDM optical access system has been set up by simulation, including 8QAM-OFDMoptical signals generation, transmission and reception. The CCDF of two types of 8QAM-OFDMsignalswith 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 sub-carriers are measured and analyzed.
2. System Analysis
OFDM is one of Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM) technology. Its principle is that the channel is divided into a number of orthogonal sub-channel, high-speed data signal is converted into low-speed parallel sub-data streams, modulated for transmission to each sub-channel. 8QAM-OFDM based system is built. Figure 1(a) and Figure 2(b) are the system block diagram in based signal transmitter and receiving end respectively. In based signal
(a) (b)
Figure 1.8QAM-OFDM baseband (a) transmitter (b) receiver.
Figure 2. 8QAM-OFDM) optical access system.
transmitter end, the data is modulated by 8qam modulation. Then it is converted from serial to parallel with serial to parallel converter. Each sub-carrier is converted from the frequency domain to the time domain by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). Cyclic prefix (CP) is added to each sub-carrier. After parallel to serial conversion, the data is transported in channel. In based signal receiving end, firstly symbol is converted from serial to parallel and remove CP. Each sub-carrier is converted from the time domain to the frequency domain by fast Fourier transform (FFT). After parallel to serial conversion, the data is got by 8 qam demodulation [6]-[8].
Figure 2 is 8QAM-OFDM optical access system diagram. it is simulated by matlab. Firstly, Continuous optical carriers are transmitted by External Cavity Laser (ECL). Transmitted continuous optical carriers are modulated by Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) with 8QAM-OFDM baseband signal. Modulated optical signal is transferred by single mode fiber (SMF).Optical signal is input Erbium-doped Optical Fiber Amplifier (EDFA). The output optical signals convert into the electric signal by positive intrinsic-negative photodiode (PIN PD). The electric signal is magnified by electrical amplifier (EA). The magnified signal and its phase shifter are mixed by mixer.
8QAM-OFDM baseband signal is filtered out by using a low pass filter (LPF). Another, two types of 8QAM- OFDM baseband signal is used. Figure 3(a) is first class 8 qam constellation diagram. Figure 3(b) is second class 8 qam constellation diagram.
PAPR is the ratio between the amplitude peak value and the average value. After pulse shaping, the PAPR of the transmission signal is calculated by the following formula:
(1)
In Equation (1), x(t) is the transmission signal after pulse forming, T is the symbol period of the transmission signal. Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) is the statistical probability of the PAPR exceeds a certain threshold value PAPR0. Equation (2) is CCDF [9] [10]:
(2)
We analyzed the CCDF of two types 8QAM-OFDM optical access signal before and after 8QAM-OFDM signals transmitted over 10 m single mode fiber. Another, sub-carriers are 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512. Figure 4(a) is the CCDF of two class 8QAM-OFDM optical access signal before transmission. Figure 4(b) is the CCDF of two class 8QAM-OFDM optical access signal after transmission. It is not difficult to see that, with the increase of the number of sub carriers, the PAPR becomes higher. When the number of sub carriers is 16, the PAPR of two types of 8QAM-OFDM optical signals are smaller than 5.2 dB. When the number of sub carriers is 512, the PAPR of two types of 8QAM-OFDM optical signals are smaller than 5.3 dB.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. 8QAM-OFDM constellation diagrams of (a) first type (b) second type.
3. Conclusion
As we know, the system PAPR will be impacted by a different number of sub-carriers in optical OFDM access systems. In this article, 8QAM-OFDM optical access system has been set up by simulation, including 8QAM- OFDM optical signals generation, transmission and reception. The CCDF of two types of 8QAM-OFDM signals with 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 sub-carriers are measured and analyzed. The results show that, as the number of sub-carriers increases, the value of PAPR rises. If the number of sub carriers is 16, the PAPR value of two types of 8QAM-OFDM optical signals will be smaller than 5.2 dB at CCDF = 10−2. When the number of sub-carriers is 512, the PAPR value of two types of 8QAM-OFDM optical signals are less than 5.3 dB at CCDF = 10−2. Hence, choosing the optimal number of sub-carriers is essential for optical OFDM access systems application in reality.
Acknowledgements
This work is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61107064), Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No. 15ZZ101), Leading Academic Discipline Pro- ject of Information and Communication Engineering (No. XXKZD1605), School Foundation (No. EGD14XQD01) of Shanghai Polytechnic University, College Students’ Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shanghai Polytechnic University (No. 2016-xjkj-063), and College Student Innovation Activity Plan in Shanghai (No. 2013-sj-cxjh-028).