The Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays and the Global Anisotropy of Physical Space ()
1. Introduction
In recent years much attention is given to the research of cosmic rays with ultrahigh energies (CR UHE) in the region of Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin energy limit (GZK) 5 × 1019 eV as well as to the investigation of the anisotropy of directions of cosmic particles arrival to the Earth [1-3]. The direct measurements give only some data for the directions of g-quanta arrival straight from the sources. The charged particles of cosmic rays undergo the scattering in the magnetic fields of the Galaxy so that the directions to the sources can be determined only statisticcally by way of observing the anisotropy of particles arrival (i.e. the excess of the number of arriving particles along the direction to the source over the expected number in case of isotropy). With increase in energy of particles the scattering in the magnetic fields decreases, and the anisotropy in directions of their arrival is built up. Therefore the special attention of researchers is drawn by the studying the cosmic rays of ultrahigh energy above the GZK-limit (~1020 eV = 100 EeV) for which the deflections in the galactic fields are so small that we can hope for the direct observation of the source on the celestial sphere. To observe a sufficiently great number of particles of such high energies, the installations with enormous operation areas (thousands km) are necessary. At present there is built and gives results the most large ground facility “The Pierre Auger’s observatory” in the South Hemisphere (Argentina). In the North hemisphere (USA) the ground “Telescopic facility” is began to function. The both ground facilities allow for studying the directions of coming of CR UVE particles over the whole celestial sphere. But the global investigation of CR UVE with the aid of ground facilities meets with the procedural difficulties associated with the different estimations of energies of primary particles in each detector which leads, due to fast fall of cosmic particles intensity with the energy, to large differences in experimental energy estimations for these particles. In this connection the creation of space detectors of cosmic rays is gaining in importance. Such detectors are preparing presently for the MSU satellite “Mikhailo Lomonosov” under the RF’s Federal Cosmic Program with the participation of scientists from Korea, Mexico, Japan [4], and for the International Space Station (the detector JEM-EUSO) under the program of Japan Cosmic Agency with collaboration of scientists from many countries including RF [5]. The advantage of a space detector is its important ability to scan the whole celestial sphere and to obtain the intensity chart of coming CR UHE particles without corrections for distinctions in the energy estimations made for various parts of the celestial sphere. This allows for the more evident detecting the possible anisotropy of cosmic rays that is actively discussed in the literature [1-3,6-10].
In connection with the advancement in the experimental investigation of CR UHE, much attention is given to consideration of theoretic models of their origin [11].
The topic of the present paper is the estimation of possible connection between, on the one part, the anisotropy in directions of CR particles arrival and, on the other part, the assumed global anisotropy of the physical space and the associated new physical interaction [12-26] as the evidences from one of such “nonstandard” models [16,17,23].
2. The “Standard” Model of CR UHE Origin
Before to go on to the basic item of the paper, let us give a brief revue of the “standard” theory of CR UHE origin. The basic model is that of the acceleration of charged particles (protons and nuclei with various atomic numbers) at the front of a high speed gas “shock wave”. This model is characterized by the maximum attainable energies of accelerated particles: on the order of Emax ~ (u/c) ZBL (in EeV units) where u is the gas velocity, c is the light speed, Z the charge of particle, B the magnetic induction (in microgausses), and L is the dimension of the acceleration region (in kiloparsecs). For the galactic cosmic rays, the accelerators are represented by the Supernovas envelopes for which u/c ~ 0.1, B ~ 1, L ~ 0.1 so that, in accordance with experimental data, Emax ~ 0.01 EeV for the protons (Z = 1) and Emax ~ 1 EeV for the iron nuclei. The search for the astrophysical objects capable of accelerating particles up to 10 - 100 EeV leads to the objects that contain gaseous jets moving with high speeds (u/c ~ 1) in strong magnetic fields B and have large dimensions L. Those are cores of active galaxies (B ~ 106, L ~ 1), radio-galaxies (B ~ 104, L ~ 100), and colliding galaxies (B ~ 2 × 104, L ~ 30).
3. The New Physical Models and the Origin of CR UHE
In the “nonstandard” models, the particles with the energy on the order of ~100 EeV can be products of decay of hypothetic heavy particles (mass on the order of ~1024 eV) being the remainders of the Bing Bang [11]. Such particles may be responsible for the dark matter, in particular, for that of the Milky Way. In such a case an asymmetry in the arrival of CR UHE particles relative to the center of our Galaxy must be observed since the Solar system together with the Earth is at the periphery of the Galaxy. The modern experimental data on the directions of arrival of particles with the energy of 10 - 100 EeV are in contrast with this hypothesis.
Another “nonstandard” model is that founded on the new type of interaction between the natural objects. The evidences for the existence of such interaction are obtained in many ground experiments and astrophysical observations.
In the papers [12-14] the results of experiments are described where this non-gauge interaction different from the four known ones (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational) was firstly detected. Besides the lack of gauge invariance, an important characteristic feature of this new interaction is its anisotropy that manifests itself in a wide range of dimensions: from those for weak interactions (10−17 cm) [16-21] up to the size of our Gal- axy (1022 cm) and more [16,17,22,27]. The magnitude of the force measured was on the level of 0.01 - 0.08 gf at the magnetic field of 10 - 13 T in the 40 - 53 mm solenoid aperture and at plumb mass of 26 - 30 g.
The physical nature of the new force becomes clear from the byuon theory (the non-gauge theory of formation of the physical space and the world of elementary particles from some unobservable objects “byuons”) [16, 17,23]. It follows from that theory that there is a possibility of acting upon the process of mass formation of the elementary particles by the potentials of physical fields since a part of mass of particles associated with the formation of their inner space, is proportional to the modulus of a summary potential AS that cannot exceed, by magnitude, the modulus of the cosmological vectorial potential Ag, a new fundamental constant introduced in [17-19]
. As the result of the action of the field potentials (decrease in
), each particle gains an energy Dmc2 that corresponds to a new natural force throwing substance out of the region with the weakened AS.
The further experimental investigations of the assumed new interaction with the use of gravimeters with attached magnet [15-17] and plasma systems [16,17,24,25], as well as the measurements of changes in the b-decay rate of radioactive elements [16-21] have shown that the substance is ejected from the region with the weakened AS along a cone with an opening of ~100˚ around the vector Ag determining the global anisotropy of the physical space and having the following coordinates in the second equatorial system: a » 293˚ ± 10˚, d » 36˚ ± 10˚, (a: right ascension, d: declination). The revealed anisotropic properties of the physical space are confirmed by numerous astrophysical observations: the anisotropy in the motion of pulsars in the picture plane [17,22,27], the distribution of earthquakes relative the stars [17,26] etc.
As the new force acts on all particles having mass, the manifestations of the new natural force’s anisotropic properties can be the cause of the observed anisotropy of the cosmic rays. We will try that in the present paper but it should be noted that the new force has isotropic properties, too. In [23] the idea of the new natural force is used to explain such known astrophysical notion as the dark energy. It is shown that at distances on the order of 1027 - 1028 cm the new force begins to exceed the gravitation and diminishes AS pushing galaxies aside due to the negative value of the gravitational potential.
4. The Experimental Data on the Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays and the Acceleration of Particles by the New Global Force
Figure 1 gives the results of an experiment on investigating the anisotropy of cosmic rays with the energy ~10 TeV using the detectors of Milagro, Tibet, and Super-Kamiokande [1-3]. As is seen from the Figure, there