[1]
|
T. I. Storer, R. L. Usinger and D. Lukas, “Sierra Nevada Natural History,” University of California, Berkeley, 1963, p. 6.
|
[2]
|
Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, “Status of the Sierra Nevada,” Final Report to Congress, Vol. 2, Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options, University of CA, Centers for Water & Wildland Resources, Davis, 2002, p. 557.
|
[3]
|
D. Carle, “Introduction to Water in California,” University of California Press, Berkeley, 2004, pp. 1-32.
|
[4]
|
S. E. Null, J. H. Viers and J. F. Mount, “Hydrologic Response and Watershed Sensitivity to Climate Warming in California’s Sierra Nevada,” PLoS One, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2010, p. e9932. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009932
|
[5]
|
C. R. Goldman, “Four Decades of Change in Two Sub Alpine Lakes,” Verh Internat Verein Limnology, Vol. 27, 2000, pp. 7-26.
|
[6]
|
N. L. Miller, K. E. Bashford and E. Strem, “Potential Impacts of Climate Change on California Hydrology,” American Water Resources Association, Vol. 39, 2003, pp. 771-784. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04404.x
|
[7]
|
S. Kapnick and A. Hall, “Observed Changes in Sierra Nevada Snowpack: Potential Causes and Concerns,” Prepared for the CEC and Cal/EPA. ECE-500-2009-016-D, 2009.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/2009publications/CEC-500-2009-016/CEC-500-2009-016-D.PDF
|
[8]
|
J. Medellin-Azuara, J. J. Harou, M. A. Olivares, K. Madani, J. R. Lund, et al., “Adaptability and Adaptations of California’s Water Supply System to Dry Climate Warming,” Climatic Change, Vol. 87, 2008, pp. 75-90.
doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9355-z
|
[9]
|
US Census Bureau, “State & County Quickfacts,” 2012, Retrieved 21 April 2012.
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html
|
[10]
|
R. W. Derlet, C. R. Goldman and M. J. Connor, “Reducing the Impact of Summer Cattle Grazing on Water Quality in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California: A Proposal,” Water and Health, Vol. 15, 2010, pp. 347-357.
|
[11]
|
T. L. Fleischner, “Ecological Costs of Livestock Grazing in Western North America,” Conservation Biology, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1994, pp. 629-644. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030629.x
|
[12]
|
A. J. Belsky, A. Matzke and S. Uselman, “Survey of Livestock Influences on Stream and Riparian Ecosystems in the Western United States,” Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1999, pp. 419-431.
|
[13]
|
J. Moore, “Exploring the Highest Sierra,” Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2000, pp. 171-209
|
[14]
|
J. J. Phuhar, W. Knight and R. K. Heitschmidt, “Infiltration Rates and Sediment Production as Influenced by Grazing Systems in the Texas Rolling Plaings,” Range Management, Vol. 40, 1987, pp. 240-243.
doi:10.2307/3899087
|
[15]
|
USDA Forest Service, “Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment Draft Environmental Impact Statement,” Chapter 3, Vol. 2 of 3, Pacific Southwest Region, Vallejo, 2000, pp. 116-142.
|
[16]
|
C. B. Marlow and T. M. Pogacnik, “Time of Grazing and Cattle-Induced Damage to Streambanks,” In: R. R. Johnson, Ed., Riparian Ecosystems and their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, First North American Riparian Conference, USDA Forest Service, 1985, pp. 279-284.
|
[17]
|
A. Horne and C. Goldman, “Streams and Rivers,” In: Limnology, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994, pp. 356-383. http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=wikipedia&q=isbn%3A0070236739
|
[18]
|
J. B. Hauffman, A. S. Thorpe and E. N. J. Brookshire, “Livestock Exclusion and Belowground Ecosystem Responses in Riparian Meadows of Eastern Oregon,” Ecological Applications, Vol. 14, No. 6, 2004, pp. 1671-1679. doi:10.1890/03-5083
|
[19]
|
E. Chaney, W. Elmore and W. S. Platts, “Livestock Grazing on Western Riparian Areas,” US Environmental Protection Agency Northwest Resource Information Center, Inc., 1990.
http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/info/publications/livestock_grazing.html
|
[20]
|
R. W. Derlet, J. R. Richards, L. L. Tanaka, C. Hayden, K. Ali Ger and C. R. Goldman, “Impact of Summer Cattle Grazing on the Sierra Nevada Watershed: Aquatic Algae and Bacteria,” Environmental and Public Health, Vol. 2012, 2012, Article ID: 760108, 7 p.
|
[21]
|
R. Fayer, “Cryptosporidium: A Water-Borne Zoonotic Parasite,” Veterinary Parasitology, Vol. 126, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 37-56. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.004
|
[22]
|
R. W. Derlet and J. R. Carlson, “Coliform Bacteria in Sierra Nevada Wilderness Lakes and Streams: What Is the Impact of Backpackers, Pack Animals, and Cattle?” Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2006, pp. 15-20. doi:10.1580/PR05-05.1
|
[23]
|
K. Mattison, A. Shukla, A. Cook, F. Pollari, R. Friendship, D. Kelton, S. Bidawid and J. M. Farber, “Human Noroviruses in Swine and Cattle,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 13, No. 8, 2007, pp. 1184-1188.
doi:10.3201/eid1308.070005
|
[24]
|
D. G. Renter, J. M. Sargeant, R. D. Oberst and M. Samadpour, “Diversity, Frequency, and Persistence of Escherichia coli O157 Strains from Cattle Environments,” Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 69, No. 1, 2003, pp. 542-547. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.1.542-547.2003
|
[25]
|
R. W. Derlet, K. A. Ger, J. R. Richards and J. R. Carlson, “Risk Factors for Coliform Bacteria in Backcountry Lakes and Streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: A 5-Year Study,” Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2008, pp. 82-90. doi:10.1580/07-WEME-OR-1511.1
|
[26]
|
L. Myers and J. Kane, “The Impact of Summer Cattle Grazing on Surface Water Quality in High Elevation Mountain Meadows,” Water Quality, Exposure and Health, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2011, pp. 51-62.
doi:10.1007/s12403-011-0043-x
|
[27]
|
USDA Forest Service, “Stanislaus National Forest— Forest Fast Facts,” Retrieved 17 August 2009.
http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/stanislaus/visitor/
|
[28]
|
US Fish and Wildlife Service, “Central Valley Watersheds,” Retrieved 3 March 2010.
http://www.fws.gov/stockton/afrp/watersheds.cfm.
|
[29]
|
USDA Forest Service, “Environmental Assessment: Rangeland Allotments Phase 1,” Stanislaus National Forest, Sonora, 2009, p. 2.
|
[30]
|
L, Myers, “Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Project in the Stanislaus National Forest Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP),” Central Sierra Environmental Resource Center (CSERC), Twain Harte, 2009.
http://www.cserc.org/main/news/news_briefs/2010-5.html
|
[31]
|
California Regional Water Quality Control Board—Central Valley Region (Basin Plan), “Water Quality Control Plan for the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins,” Sacramento, 2007, p. III-3.
|
[32]
|
Department of Water Resources—California Data Exchange Center, 2012.
http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?PCR
|
[33]
|
H. L. Yers, M. L. Cabrera, M. K. Matthews, D. H. Franklin, J. G. Andrae, D. E. Radcliffe, M. A. McCann, H. A. Kuykendall, C. S. Hoveland and V. H. Calvert, “Phosphorus, sediment and Escherichia coli loads in unfenced streams of the Georgia Piedmont, USA,” Environmental Quality, Vol. 34, 2005, pp. 2290-2300.
|
[34]
|
M. C. Ramos, J. N. Quinton and S. F. Tyrrel, “Effects of Cattle Manure on Erosion Rates and Runoff Water Pollution by Faecal Coliforms,” Environmental Management, Vol. 72, 2006, pp. 7531-7539.
|
[35]
|
R. K. Hubbard, G. L. Newton and G. M. Hill, “Water Quality and the Grazing Animal,” Animal Science, Vol. 82, 2004, pp. 255-263.
|
[36]
|
T. Knudson, “Livestock Waste Found to FOUL SIERRA Waters,” The Sacramento Bee, Bee exclusive, 2010, p. 1.
|
[37]
|
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Census of Agriculture—Quick Stats,” 2012.
http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/
|
[38]
|
American Public Health Association, “Microbiologic Examination,” In: L. S. Clesceri, Ed., Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition, United Book Press Inc., Baltimore, 1998, pp. 1-140.
|
[39]
|
A. Rompre, P. Servais, J. Baudart, M. R. de-Roubin and P. Laurent, “Detection and Enumeration of Coliforms in Drinking Water: Current Methods and Emerging Approaches,” Microbiological Methods, Vol. 49, 2002, pp. 31-54. doi:10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00351-7
|
[40]
|
L. J. Robertson, A. T. Campbel and H. V. Smith, “Survival of Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts under Various Environmental Pressures,” Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 58, No. 11, 1992, pp. 3494-3500.
|
[41]
|
V. Roquet, F. Homer, J. M. Bringnon, P. Bonne and J. Cavard, “Source and Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Paris Rivers,” Water Science Technology, Vol. 41, No. 7, 2000, pp. 79-86.
|
[42]
|
I. R. Lake, G. Bentham, R. S. Kovats and G. L. Nichols, “Effects of Weather and River Flow on Cryptosporidiosis,” Water and Health, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2005, pp. 469-474.
|
[43]
|
K. Ono, H, Tsuji, K. Shimada, K. Masuda and T. Endo, “Isolation and Incidence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from River Water,” Kansenshogaku Zasshi, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2001, pp. 201-208.
|
[44]
|
A. Keeley and B. R. Faulkner, “Influence of Land Use and Watershed Characteristics on Protozoa Contamination in a Potential Drinking Water Resources Reservoir,” Water Resources, Vol. 42, No. 10-11, 2008, pp. 2803- 2813.
|
[45]
|
H. Sprong, S. M. Caccio and J. W. van der Giessen, “Identification of Zoonotic Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis. Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM),” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol. 3, No. 12, 2009, p. 558.
|
[46]
|
D. B. Huang and A. C. White, “An Updated Review on Cryptosporidium and Giardia,” Gastroenterol Clinic North America, Vol. 2, 2006, pp. 291-314. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2006.03.006
|
[47]
|
C. Ong, W. Moorehead, A. Ross and J. Renton-Isaac, “Studies of Giardia spp. and Crytosporidium spp. in Two Adjacent Watersheds,” Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 62, No. 8, 1996, pp. 2798-2805.
|
[48]
|
D. P. Lettenmaier and T. Y. Gan, “Hydrologic Sensitivities of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin, California, to Global Warming,” Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, 1990, pp. 69-86.
|
[49]
|
M. Jasson, A. K. Bergstrom, D. Lymer, K. Verde and J. Karlsson, “Bacterioplankton Growth and Nutrient Use Efficiencies under Variable Organic Carbon and Inorganic Phosphorus Rations,” Microbial Ecology, Vol. 52, 2006, pp. 358-364. doi:10.1007/s00248-006-9013-4
|
[50]
|
K. Mez, K. A. Beattie, G. A. Codd, K. Hanselmann, B. Hauser, H. Naegeli and H. R. Preisig, “Identification of a Microcystin in Benthic Cyanobacteria Linked to Cattle Deaths on Alpine Pastures in Switzerland,” European Journal Psychology, Vol. 32, 1997, pp. 111-117. doi:10.1080/09670269710001737029
|
[51]
|
K. D. J?hnk, J. Huisman, J. Sharples, B. Sommeijer, P. M. Visser and J. M. Stroom, “Summer Heatwaves Promote Blooms of Harmful Cyanobacteria,” Global Chang Biology, Vol. 14, 2008, pp. 495-512.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01510.x
|
[52]
|
L. Brient, M. Lengronne, M. Bormans and J. Fastner, “Short Communication of Cylindrospermopsin in Freshwater in France,” Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2008, pp. 415-420. doi:10.1002/tox.20439
|
[53]
|
C. Wiedner, J. Rücker, R. Brüggemann and B. Nixdorf, “Climate Change Affects Timing and Size of Populations of an Invasive Cyanobacterium in Temperate Regions,” Oecologia, Vol. 152, 2007, pp. 473-484.
Doi:10.1007/S00442-007-0683-5
|
[54]
|
W. Tao, K. J. Hall and W. Ramey, “Effects of Influent Strength on Microorganisms in Surface Flow Mesocosm Wetlands,” Water Research, Vol. 41, 2007, pp. 4557- 4565. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.031
|
[55]
|
O. A. Olapade, M. M. Depas, E. T. Jensen and S. L. McLellan, “Microbial Communities and Fecal Indicator Bacteria Associated with Cladophora Mats on Beach Sites along Lake Michigan Shores,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 72, No. 3, 2006, pp. 1932- 1938. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.3.1932-1938.2006
|