Diversity of Macro Invertebrates of the River Rwizi in Western Uganda: A Citizen Science-BioBlitz Approach ()
1. Introduction
Biodiversity, a crucial natural asset, faces ongoing threats due to anthropogenic activities, including land use change, invasive species introduction, pollution, and climate change [1] . Despite growing global recognition of the importance of biodiversity conservation, its decline persists. Public understanding of biodiversity varies widely, emphasizing the need for increased awareness and education [2] .
The intricate ecosystems of rivers play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance, and understanding the diversity of macro-invertebrates within these water bodies is crucial for assessing overall environmental health [3] [4] . In the context of Western Uganda, the River Rwizi stands as a critical watercourse facing various environmental challenges, including anthropogenic influences, habitat modifications, and pollution [5] [6] . This study delves into the “Diversity of Macro-invertebrates of the River Rwizi in Western Uganda,” employing a distinctive approach—the Citizen Science-BioBlitz method.
Rivers, being dynamic habitats, are susceptible to a myriad of stressors that impact the composition and abundance of macroinvertebrate communities [7] [8] . The River Rwizi, situated in Western Uganda, epitomizes such challenges, necessitating comprehensive research to understand and mitigate the impacts on its macroinvertebrate populations. Recent studies have highlighted the vulnerability of the River Rwizi to pollution from agricultural runoff and sedimentation, emphasizing the urgency of assessing and conserving its aquatic biodiversity [9] [10] .
Community participation in biodiversity conservation and research, particularly through the citizen science model, is deemed a practical and effective strategy for enhancing public awareness and conservation education [11] . The citizen science approach, emphasizing experiential learning, facilitates active community involvement, resulting in substantial contributions to scientific knowledge and the generation of extensive global data on species occurrence and distribution. This engagement not only advances biodiversity research but also transcends traditional education, playing a crucial role in fostering broader public awareness. The emphasis on hands-on involvement in scientific endeavors within community-based biodiversity initiatives underscores its significance as a means of achieving effective biodiversity protection [12] .
Overview of the Citizen Science Approach
Citizen science also referred to as participatory or community-based monitoring [13] , involves volunteers actively participating in scientific research, contributing to data collection, monitoring sites, and engaging in the scientific inquiry process [14] [15] . Over the past two decades, the popularity of citizen science has grown significantly, driven by the increasing recognition among scientists of the advantages of involving volunteers [11] [13] [15] [16] [17] . The cost-effectiveness of citizen science data has particularly appealed to researchers, enabling the exploration of research questions with large spatial and temporal scales [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . The participatory approach offers non-scientists the opportunity to contribute to scientific knowledge and decision-making, emerging as a promising and cost-efficient method for involving citizens in monitoring and conservation efforts [23] .
Relatedly, a “BioBlitz” is a specific form of citizen science described as an intensive, short-duration event that brings together scientists, naturalists, and community members to identify and record as many species of living organisms as possible within a designated area during a specific period of time [17] [24] [25] . Typically, a BioBlitz involves a rapid field survey where volunteers aim to document as many species as possible in a defined location during a specific period, with its primary goal being to create a snapshot of biodiversity over a designated timeframe [26] . The BioBlitz concept, recognized for being good science, effective outreach, and enjoyable, has been widely employed worldwide to gather and share information about plants and animals in natural areas, particularly parks [26] . This collaborative and rapid biological survey involves various activities such as species identification, data collection, and documentation. Ballard et al. [27] found that BioBlitzes contribute more significantly to site and species management compared to other types of citizen science programs with positive conservation outcomes while Parker et al. [25] underscore how expert-led BioBlitzes generate conservation-relevant data, enhance research capacity, and establish working partnerships focused on conservation. They clarify how the term “BioBlitz” is not copyrighted and can be freely used, adapted, and modified by any group for their own purposes [25] .
The application of a Citizen Science BioBlitz approach to the study of aquatic macro-invertebrates in the River Rwizi provides numerous justifications, offering benefits for both scientific research and community engagement. From a biodiversity assessment perspective, the BioBlitz serves as a rapid and comprehensive survey method, enabling the identification and documentation of a diverse array of aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa in the River Rwizi. The collected data, in turn, establishes a crucial baseline for understanding the current ecological health and diversity of the river ecosystem. Beyond scientific exploration, community engagement becomes a focal point, offering educational opportunities that foster environmental awareness and empower local citizens with knowledge and skills in scientific observation and environmental stewardship. Furthermore, the BioBlitz supports long-term monitoring, allowing the observation of temporal trends in macroinvertebrate populations, Thus, applying the Citizen Science BioBlitz approach to the study of aquatic macro-invertebrates in the River Rwizi not only contributes to scientific understanding but also engages and empowers local communities in environmental conservation efforts in line with the principles of citizen science, promoting collaboration between scientists and citizens for the benefit of both the environment and society.
The Citizen Science-BioBlitz approach, employed in this study, exemplifies a collaborative and inclusive methodology [11] [28] . By engaging both experts and community volunteers, this approach not only facilitates the rapid assessment of macroinvertebrate taxa but also promotes community participation in scientific endeavors. As Western Uganda faces increasing environmental pressures, such a citizen-driven approach becomes instrumental in gathering valuable data on the macroinvertebrate diversity of the River Rwizi [17] [29] .
The study investigates the potential of the citizen science-BioBlitz approach to document macro-invertebrates in rivers. This method complements traditional scientific data collection and contributes to the advancement of community science education. Community-based macro-invertebrate assessments, conducted in BioBlitz events, actively involve citizen scientists and the public in hands-on sampling activities. These events serve as a platform to raise awareness about the importance of clean water and the impact of human activities on aquatic ecosystems. The gathered data are valuable for river water resources management and conservation, recognizing macro-invertebrates as significant ecological indicators of environmental quality [30] [31] [32] [33] . Additionally, this approach creates educational and outreach opportunities, offering substantial support for effective conservation and management practices [33] [34] [35] .
The study sets the stage for a detailed exploration into the macroinvertebrate diversity of the River Rwizi, emphasizing the unique Citizen Science-BioBlitz approach as a means to gather critical insights related to macroinvertebrate diversity, and the broader implications for both conservation efforts and community engagement in Western Uganda’s riverine ecosystems.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sites
The River Rwizi catchment, located in South-western Uganda, is a crucial hydrological and ecological region facing various environmental challenges. Spanning approximately 8554.7 km2, the catchment is situated between longitudes 30.21˚ E to 32.52˚ E and latitudes 0.24˚ S to 0.92˚ S, with an altitudinal range of 1300 to 2170 meters above sea level [36] [37] . The river, stretching about 55 km, meanders eastwards from the hilly terrain of the region, ultimately discharging into Lake Victoria.
The upper catchment of the River Rwizi traverses’ multiple districts, including Buhweju, Sheema, Bushenyi, Mbarara, Ntungamo, Isingiro, and Kiruhura, before it flows into Lake Mburo (Figure 1). This region experiences a bi-modal climate characterized by distinct wet seasons from March to May and September to November, providing essential rainfall for the river and the surrounding ecosystems [38] . The warm temperatures, ranging between 20˚C - 30˚C year-round, are attributable to the equatorial proximity of the area.
2.2. Site Selection
The site selection and delineation process occurred during district consultation workshops, relying on local land uses and identifying areas with potential pollution
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Figure 1. Study area and sampling site locations with pollution dissemination.
manifestations. Active community participation was encouraged, leading members to propose sampling sites based on their local knowledge, considering accessibility and proximity to the main River Rwizi. The main river was segmented to capture the diversity of the riverine environment. Strategically, twelve sites were chosen for macroinvertebrate sampling, with two data collection points designated for each river segment to account for variations along the segment’s length (Figure 1). The selection aimed to balance representativeness across different segments, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of macroinvertebrate biodiversity within the River Rwizi watershed. This approach not only effectively involved the community in the research process but also nurtured a sense of ownership and collaboration, ultimately enhancing the scientific rigor of the study.
A mixed-methods approach for macroinvertebrate metrics and socio-ecological dynamics in the context of a citizen science BioBlitz research design that combined both quantitative and qualitative research methods was used in this study.
2.3. Community Engagement
Permission to conduct the research was obtained from district authorities, facilitated by the District Chief Administrative Officers. The research team organized a one-day consultative workshop to introduce the project to security leaders, district political heads, and technocrats. This workshop served as a platform to disseminate the research concept and its objectives. The outcomes of these workshops were pivotal in publicizing the project to technocrats at the district level and establishing an entry point into the communities within the riparian zone of River Rwizi parishes. Subsequent introductions were made to extension workers, parish chiefs, and Local Councils.
The extension workers, parish chiefs, and Local Councils played crucial roles as focal points for community entry and engagement. They actively participated in the selection of participant volunteers for the Citizen-Science-BioBlitz activity. Furthermore, they guided the mobilization and recruitment processes of participants for data collection. Participation was restricted to individuals above 18 years old, and voluntary acceptance was sought from potential participants. Those who agreed underwent training in macro-invertebrate data collection methods. This training was particularly important in the context of deteriorating water quality, anthropogenic pollution, and the overall need for water conservation in the River Rwizi watershed.
To ensure the safety of participants, all necessary safety precautions were implemented, including strict adherence to the National Guidelines for Research involving Humans as Research Participants [39] .
2.4. Citizen Science-BioBlitz Events
A guided bio-blitz sampling strategy was implemented to conduct an inventory of macro-invertebrates along selected sites of the River Rwizi. The lead team of bio-blitzers was composed of biologists from Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), including expert lecturers, three technicians, two graduate students, and two trainees from the International Crane Foundation (ICF). The involvement of expert academic staff from MUST ensured scientific rigor and proficiency in the sampling process. Additionally, community volunteers, comprising 6 to 8 individuals from each of the 12 selected sites along the River Rwizi, actively participated in the bio-blitz events. The engagement of community volunteers not only expands the data collection capacity but also aligns with the principles of citizen science, enhancing community involvement in scientific research [11] . The collaborative effort between academic experts and community volunteers aimed to generate comprehensive data on macro-invertebrates.
2.5. Citizen Science-BioBlitz Training
The training process commenced with an orientation for the Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) team, providing them with a comprehensive understanding of the natural history of the River Rwizi, emphasizing the significance of aquatic biodiversity, and elucidating the socio-ecological role of macro-invertebrates in aquatic environments. This foundational knowledge is aimed at facilitating experiential learning, community science education, and research purposes. Subsequently, the team conducted a field reconnaissance as part of a pilot study to validate the most suitable sampling sites along the river. This involved a detailed description of the sites, incorporating input from community participants. During this phase, team members were introduced to the technical procedures involved in the collection and treatment of samples, as well as the utilization of protocols and taxonomic guides for the identification of aquatic macro-invertebrates. This preparation phase was crucial to orient the team and equip them with the necessary skills to subsequently train local community volunteers for participatory citizen Science-BioBlitz surveys. The overarching goal was to determine the macro-invertebrate assemblages for each identified river segment.
The sampling strategy implemented in this study encompassed nine sampling sessions at each designated site between January and July 2023, with a focus on macroinvertebrate organisms. Utilizing a modified D-frame metal sieve with a prescribed mesh size of 5 mm, the sampling adhered to well-established macrobenthos sampling protocols [40] . Various methods, including scoops, dips, or sweeps, were employed along the littoral river bank areas recognized as the most productive habitats for macro-invertebrates. To maintain data accuracy, organisms were meticulously rinsed by sweeping them against the flowing river water current, with any debris and non-macro-invertebrates, such as fish, released back into the water. The collected macro-invertebrates underwent further processing, involving hand-picking from the sieve using forceps or brushes. Subsequently, they were spread on a white sheet of absorbent paper for participatory taxonomic identification and counting. This detailed and systematic approach aimed to provide a representative understanding of the macroinvertebrate taxa present in the River Rwizi.
The macroinvertebrate sampling and identification procedures were conducted by adhering to standardized techniques to ensure accuracy and reliability. Citizen scientists and volunteers, equipped with prior training, skillfully carried out hands-on sampling using essential equipment like D-nets, trays, and containers for the systematic collection of macroinvertebrate specimens. Following the guidelines established by USEPA [41] , samples were methodically composited for each entire site and subsequently pooled for a comprehensive analysis spanning different river segments.
The taxonomic identification and verification processes were collaborative efforts involving university experts and students, guided by identification guides [42] . During the verification stage, the team actively engaged the community, fostering a culture of shared learning and collaboration. Unidentified taxa, meticulously preserved in 70 percent ethanol, were transported to the laboratory for further processing and rigorous identification. This systematic collection and identification procedure were replicated for additional samples randomly gathered at various locations during one-hour sampling sessions.
In the laboratory, the utilization of stereo microscopes and hand lenses facilitated the observation of finer details for taxonomic identification, specifically at the family taxon level. The specifications and justifications for family taxa were grounded in established studies and aligned with USEPA [41] protocols, as well as guidelines from Fry [42] . It is noteworthy that this comprehensive approach considered the inherent taxonomic challenges associated with the absence of published identification guides for aquatic macrobenthos in East Africa [43] . Collectively, this rigorous methodology ensured a thorough understanding of the macroinvertebrate taxa present in the River Rwizi.
2.6. Community Reflection and Feedback on BioBlitz Experiences
Community participants were actively encouraged to provide feedback and reflections on their BioBlitz experiences. Surveys and interviews were conducted to capture qualitative data on community perceptions, satisfaction, and awareness. The study employed an open citizen science method, fostering natural discussion, to collect feedback from participants about their individual and collaborative BioBlitz experiences. The primary aim was to investigate shifts in awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards aquatic biodiversity. Narratives capturing the emotional dimensions of BioBlitz events were documented. Community participants’ BioBlitz experiences were opportunistically gathered from their narratives during or after field sampling. The analysis categorized these experiences as positive (supportive of BioBlitz participation) or negative (critical or unsupportive).
2.7. Data Analysis
Thematic content analysis was conducted to characterize the typologies of pollution concerns in selected riparian areas along specific river segments of the River Rwizi. This involved the integration of community observations and narratives, capturing various types and sources of river pollution and degradation as unanimously agreed upon by the community through group consensus.
Quantitative analysis involved computing the composition and abundance of invertebrate orders and families within specific river segments and sample sites. Paleontological Statistics Software (PAST) was employed for this purpose
The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) was used to measure taxonomic diversity by considering both the variety of taxa and their even distribution. The Dominance Diversity Index (D) was also calculated to assess the abundance of dominant taxa in a community. Additionally, pair-wise Sorensen indices of similarity (S) were determined to explore the connections between taxa at different sites within river segments or across multiple sites. The Sorensen Coefficient (SC) calculator [44] was employed to compute similarity quotients based on species presence, enabling the comparison of species composition between different communities.
3. Results
Typology of factors leading to riparian degradation and pollution of River Rwizi
The reconnaissance survey conducted along River Rwizi aimed at identifying and categorizing various study sites. The findings, summarized in Table 1, reveal a spectrum of activities and factors contributing to environmental degradation and aquatic pollution, particularly in wetland and riverbank areas.
Taxonomic composition of macro-invertebrates identified in River Rwizi
The study identified a total of 43 macroinvertebrate families belonging to 17 orders (Table 2). The dominant group was Class Insecta, encompassing seven orders, with dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) emerging as the richest and most abundant order, constituting 18.6% of the total count [n = 839]. Hemiptera (true bugs] and Ephemeroptera (mayflies) each exhibited occurrence above 10% following Odonata. There were only a few Trichoptera, accounting for only 2.74% frequency.
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Table 1. Typology of factors leading to riparian degradation and pollution of River Rwizi.
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Table 2. Taxonomic composition of macro-invertebrates identified in River Rwizi.
The presence of Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera, considered less pollution-tolerant taxa [45] , seemingly indicates clean water conditions. However, water quality assessment practices have predominantly relied on the diversity and abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) as sensitive indicators to alterations in water quality, specifically in response to pollutants and habitat changes [46] [47] [48] [49] . A thriving EPT population is indicative of good water quality, while a decline suggests potential pollution or habitat degradation. Therefore, the absence of Plecoptera, recognized as the most sensitive taxon among EPT to changes in water quality [48] , and the presence of a few Tricoptera (2.74% frequency) make it impractical to draw conclusive judgments about the water quality of the River Rwizi solely based on EPT. Accordingly, the evaluation of other water quality parameters is necessary to provide a comprehensive assessment.
Table 3 presents taxa richness, abundance, and composition of macro-invertebrates along River Rwizi allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the diversity and distribution of macroinvertebrate species across different segments.
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Table 3. Taxa richness, abundance and composition of macro invertebrates at various segments of River Rwizi.
Metrics for macro invertebrate taxa along selected segments of River Rwizi
The study results revealed a consistent increasing trend in taxa metrics, including richness, diversity, and evenness, from the Rural hilly Upstream to the Urban Sprawl river segment, with a slight decline observed at the Peri-Urban Downstream trend (Table 4).
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Table 4. Metrics for macro invertebrate taxa along selected segments of River Rwizi.
Contrary to expectations, the Rural Hilly Upstream river segment, which was presumed to have cleaner water being closer to the upstream source, exhibited the lowest richness (20) and diversity (1.84). The Rural Flood Plain (RFP) of the river segment recorded the highest number of individual macro-invertebrates, while the Peri-Urban Downstream (PUD) had the lowest count.
The observed lowest taxa richness, diversity, and evenness at RHU (Rural Hilly Upstream) may be attributed to the limited habitat complexity associated with the hilly, degraded agricultural landscapes. This area experiences extensive riparian cultivation and features a smaller, narrower, and shallower river with fewer adjoining stream inflows compared to the more heterogeneous and urbanized downstream areas.
Taxonomic similarity amongst various river segments of River Rwizi
The degree of taxonomic composition similarity among macro-invertebrates in various river segments of the River Rwizi is illustrated through Sørensen’s index, as outlined in Table 5.
The results of the comparisons using Sørensen’s index revealed a range of similarity levels among the macroinvertebrate taxonomic compositions in different river segments. The comparisons varied from low (below 0.5) to high (above 0.8), with the majority falling within the moderate range (0.6 to less than 0.8). Notably, Rural Hilly Upstream (RHU) exhibited high dissimilarity with Rural Flood Plains (RFP), while Rural Flood Plains (RFP) and Peri-Urban Upstream (PUU) demonstrated the highest level of similarity.
A Sørensen’s index above 0.8 indicates a substantial taxonomic similarity, implying a significant overlap in species between the compared segments. Conversely, the lowest similarity (50%) observed between Rural Hilly Upstream (RHU) and Rural Flood Plains (RFP) suggests potentially distinct ecological conditions in these segments. Overall, the majority of the comparisons showed a moderate level of similarity, allowing for a closer investigation into specific differences and the factors influencing species composition in the different river segments.
Community reflections and feedback on BioBlitz experiences
Community reflections and feedback on BioBlitz experiences are generally positive, with participants expressing satisfaction through various statements. Below are some common sentiments participants may share about their BioBlitz event experiences, as summarized in Table 6.
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Table 5. Sorenson’s Similarity Index between different river segments of River Rwizi.
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Table 6. Thematic analysis of positive responses on participatory BioBlitz experiences.
The responses reflect a diverse range of positive experiences, highlighting the success of the BioBlitz events in engaging participants, promoting environmental awareness, and fostering community collaboration. The inclusion of educational components and hands-on experiences is particularly appreciated by participants. However, some responses also express concerns about environmental issues, emphasizing the need for action and awareness.
On the other hand, negative responses collectively reveal a deep-seated mistrust and skepticism among participants. The perceived lack of transparency, coupled with a belief that the research is irrelevant to their daily lives, contributes to apprehension and resistance. Additionally, there is a clear sense of skepticism regarding the longevity and impact of the researchers’ involvement in the community. These themes highlight the importance of addressing community concerns, building trust, and emphasizing the relevance and benefits of scientific studies to the local population (Table 7).
4. Discussion and Conclusion
4.1. Taxonomic Composition of Macro-Invertebrates Identified in River Rwizi
The study reveals notable variations in riparian characteristics along the River
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Table 7. Thematic analysis of negative sentiments on participatory BioBlitz experiences.
Rwizi, primarily driven by differential degradation and pollution. These variations can significantly impact macro-invertebrates, including aquatic insects, crustaceans, and mollusks, residing in freshwater ecosystems. Nseka et al. [50] found that land use and cover characteristics in the upper Rwizi macro-watershed exhibited spatial and temporal variations affecting hill slope hydrological characteristics in the watershed due to increased human activities with consequent severe degradation in the area [50] .
The study found high insect diversity and abundance in the River Rwizi, with Odonata, Hemiptera, and Ephemeroptera as the dominant orders. These insects are sensitive to water quality and play important roles in freshwater ecosystems [4] [51] [52] [53] . However, the absence of Plecoptera and the scarcity of Trichoptera suggest that the river may be polluted by human activities [46] [47] [48] [49] . The EPT index may not capture the river’s health, and more water quality parameters are needed, a limitation perhaps posed by the BioBlitz approach.
4.2. Metrics for Macro Invertebrate Taxa along Selected Segments of River Rwizi
This study systematically explored the macroinvertebrate biodiversity and socio-ecological dynamics in six distinct segments along the River Rwizi, including rural hilly upstream, rural upstream wetlands, rural flood plains, peri-urban upstream, urban sprawl, and peri-urban downstream regions. This investigation provided comprehensive insights into the diverse ecological conditions and anthropogenic influences representative of different parts of the river. Anthropogenic influences, including pollution, habitat alterations, climate change, species introductions, and physical modifications, emerge as substantial threats to freshwater ecosystems, exerting profound effects on macro-invertebrates through mechanisms such as alterations in abundance, health, survival, reproductive success, life cycles, distribution, biodiversity, migration challenges, and nutrient-induced eutrophication [54] .
The absence of a clear pattern in taxa metrics along the River Rwizi continuum, from the upstream to the urban sprawl and peri-urban downstream segments, indicates a complex interaction of ecological, environmental, and anthropogenic factors. The variability in macroinvertebrate richness, diversity, and evenness across different river segments challenges simplistic assumptions about water quality trends based on geographical locations. This suggests that the influences on macroinvertebrate communities are multifaceted, with ecological and anthropogenic factors potentially offsetting each other’s effects. Doretto et al.’s [55] findings emphasize the need for a nuanced understanding of the factors shaping freshwater ecosystems, considering the intricate interplay of natural and human-induced dynamics along the River Rwizi.
Previous research has highlighted the influence of both habitat complexity and heterogeneity on river macro-invertebrates [56] [57] . In this context, the rural upstream sections, such as RHU, may exhibit simpler and less varied habitats compared to downstream or more urbanized sections. The reduced habitat complexity in RHU could contribute to the observed lower diversity, as the literature suggests that a lack of habitat complexity tends to reduce overall diversity in river ecosystems.
4.3. Taxonomic Similarity amongst Various River Segments of River Rwizi
The application of Sørensen’s index to assess taxonomic composition similarity among river segments offers valuable insights into the ecological relationships within the River Rwizi. The high dissimilarity between Rural Hilly Upstream (RHU) and Rural Flood Plains (RFP) suggests significant differences in the macroinvertebrate communities between these two segments. This dissimilarity might be attributed to variations in habitat types, water quality, or other ecological factors. On the other hand, the high similarity between Rural Flood Plains (RFP) and Peri-Urban Upstream (PUU) implies a closer taxonomic resemblance, indicating potentially shared ecological conditions or similar macroinvertebrate compositions in these river segments. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of ecological conditions along the River Rwizi, emphasizing the importance of considering specific river segments when implementing conservation and management strategies.
4.4. Community Reflections and Feedback on BioBlitz Experiences
Community reflections and feedback on BioBlitz experiences, as analyzed thematically, unveil a spectrum of both positive and negative sentiments. On the positive side, BioBlitz events have demonstrated notable success in cultivating positive experiences, engaging participants effectively in ecological activities that offer hands-on experiences beyond traditional learning methods. The incorporation of educational components has played a pivotal role in this success, as participants value the interactive opportunities to learn about local ecosystems, biodiversity, and environmental conservation, fostering not only knowledge but also environmental awareness. Positive responses also indicate that BioBlitz events act as catalysts for community collaboration, nurturing a sense of shared engagement and collective effort in understanding local ecosystems, thus enhancing the social dimension of ecological awareness and emphasizing shared responsibility for environmental stewardship. However, amid overwhelmingly positive sentiments, some participants express concerns about environmental issues, emphasizing the need to translate awareness into concrete action and advocate for proactive conservation measures.
On the negative side, the study’s findings reveal a complex set of attitudes and perceptions among participants that influence their engagement with the educational and scientific aspects of the research. Participants prioritize survival needs over educational components, perceiving learning experiences as less significant and secondary to immediate concerns. Accusations of hypocrisy and deception toward researchers signify a substantial level of distrust, with suspicions of financial motives. Resistance to acknowledging water pollution and a firm assertion of water cleanliness suggest a potential disconnect between participants’ perceptions and environmental realities, contributing to apprehension and distrust within the community. Perceptions of an education gap highlight broader issues of accessibility in scientific engagement, with specific biases and aversions potentially limiting participants’ ecological awareness. Women participants citing time constraints and expressing a perceived lack of relevance or interest underscore gender-specific challenges affecting participation. Lastly, skepticism about researchers’ commitment and past observations of transience contribute to an overall anticipation of potential abandonment, emphasizing the need for trust and long-term relationships in successful research endeavors.
4.5. Implications of the Citizen-Science-BioBlitz Approach for Monitoring River Macro-Invertebrates
The citizen science BioBlitz approach emerges as a valuable tool for macroinvertebrate documentation, promoting community engagement and fostering awareness among local residents [29] . Involving citizens in the data collection process enhances understanding of local biodiversity [58] , and the large-scale participation facilitated by this approach allows for comprehensive spatial coverage and data collection over extended periods [17] . The democratization of science through community involvement [11] and the generation of valuable datasets for long-term monitoring and ecological research [28] further emphasize the significance of the citizen science BioBlitz approach in strengthening the connection between local communities and their ecosystems. Accordingly, the citizen-science-BioBlitz approach is a novel and promising method for monitoring river macro-invertebrates, which are important indicators of water quality and aquatic ecosystem health. By engaging volunteers to collect and identify macro-invertebrates at multiple sites and times, this approach can generate large-scale and synoptic data on the diversity and distribution of these organisms, as well as their responses to environmental changes and human impacts. This approach can also enhance the communication and collaboration between scientists, authorities, and communities, and foster public awareness and involvement in river conservation and management. However, this approach also faces some challenges and limitations, such as the quality and reliability of the data, the training and support of the participants, and the evaluation and feedback of the outcomes and impacts. Therefore, this approach requires careful planning, implementation, and improvement to ensure its effectiveness and sustainability.
5. Conclusions
This study explored the ecological conditions and community perceptions of the River Rwizi, a tropical river in Uganda, using a BioBlitz approach. The study revealed diverse macroinvertebrate communities, with Odonata as the dominant group, indicating good water quality and a healthy aquatic ecosystem. However, the study also detected signs of degradation and pollution, such as the absence of Plecoptera and the variability of taxa metrics, suggesting that the river’s health may be threatened by human activities. The study also gathered community feedback on the BioBlitz experience, which was mostly positive, but also revealed some challenges and barriers to participation and engagement. The study contributes to the understanding of the river’s ecology and the potential of citizen science as a tool for conservation and education.
Based on the findings and limitations of this study, some recommendations for future research and practice are:
Conduct more comprehensive and regular monitoring of the water quality parameters, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, nutrients, and metals, to better assess the factors affecting the macroinvertebrate community and the river’s health.
Implement effective and sustainable measures to reduce the sources and impacts of degradation and pollution, such as agricultural runoff, sewage discharge, or deforestation, on the river and its biodiversity.
Enhance the communication and collaboration between the researchers, the local authorities, and the community members, to foster trust, awareness, and involvement in the conservation and management of the river.
Provide more training and support for the community participants, especially the uneducated and the marginalized, to increase their confidence, interest, and skills in citizen science and environmental issues.
Evaluate the outcomes and impacts of the BioBlitz approach on the community’s knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards the river.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded in part by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and Makerere University under project number: G-20-57626, titled: Consolidating Early-Career Academics Programme (CECAP) at Makerere and Partner Public Universities, 2022-2024. The authors would like to thank the Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) and the International Crane Foundation (ICF), Mr. Mugume Gordon, Mr. Agaba Edson and the Community where we collected data for their invaluable contribution to this work.