Mechanism of Degradation of Rice Starch Amylopectin by Oryzenin Using ONIOM Quantum Calculations [DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G(D, P): AM1]

Bamba El Hadji Sawaliho^*, N’Guessan Boka Robert

Laboratoire de Constitution et de Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

DOI: 10.4236/cc.2022.104007                

Abstract

Understanding the molecular factors of rice degradation during its aging concerns our research team. This article emphasizes oryzenin-amylopectin. It aims to reveal the mechanism of amylopectin deterioration during rice aging. The research exploits the Natural Bond Analysis and ONION method at theory level DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p) and AM1. This methodological approach allows highlighting amylopectin transformation; oryzenin converts amylopectin into amyloidosis in continuous. This led to monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Keywords

Amylopectin, Hydrogen Bond, Theoretical Method, Starch, Oryzenin

1. Introduction

Rice is the staple food of the Ivorian people. However, Côte d’Ivoire is struggling to fulfill food self-sufficiency in relation to this product. Post-harvest losses are the main cause. They’re explained by the inefficiency of storage techniques or its alteration during storage. Understanding the molecular factors of this modification concerns our research team. This work follows up on two others on the subject. The first focuses on the roles of phospholipids in this process [1]. The second analyzes the oryzenin-amyloidosis interaction [2]. This article emphasizes oryzenin-amylopectin. It aims to elucidate the role of this latter in the degradation of rice.

Previous work on amyloidosis establishes that its degradation occurs due to its transformation into polysaccharides and monosaccharides [2]. On the contrary, authors [3] explain its alteration by the slow transformation of amylose into amylopectin. They conjecture that this transformation results in a compensatory increase in the second. This debate suggests the following research question:

How does oryzenin interact with amylopectin?

This work aims to understand the mechanism that degrades the components of starch; literature ignores it. Moreover, theoretical studies on amylopectin-oryzenin remain unknown. The research targets to contribute to filling this gap. It assumes that the hydrogen bond (HB) between oryzenin and amylopectin decomposes this latter; its formation impacts the stability of many molecules in the solid state and in solution. It justifies those of molecular structures such as DNA, water [4] [5] and carboxylic acids [6] [7].

HB influences some physical constants such as the melting point temperature of chemical compounds. To answer the research question, this work utilizes the resources of theoretical chemistry. It deploys NBO (Natural Bond Orbital) analysis [8]; it uses charge transfer (CT) [9] [10] [11] to describe the formation of HB as in [2]. Additionally, it exploits the branching model to guide calculations of oryzenin-amylopectin interactions. It relies on an amylopectin subunit; this contains three (AMP3G) or four (AMP4G) glucose molecules linked by sugar bridges. Also, the research employs the resources of quantum chemistry.

This work applies the ONION method at precision [DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p): AM1] and AM1. Furthermore, amylopectin molecules schematize with three (AMP3G) and four (AMP4G) molecules of α-D glucose or synthons connected by osidic bridges. This methodology highlights the mechanism shaping the degradation of amylopectin under the action of oryzenin. This knowledge, associated with that of the amyloidosis degradation, helps to clarify the mechanism underlying the degradation of rice starch during its prolonged storage. This article consists of three parts.

The first details the results of the Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis. The second focuses on the AMP3G-oryzenin interaction. The third examines the one between the latter and AMP4G. These last two parts present the geometrical, energetic, and spectroscopic parameters of these complexes. Also, it discusses the convergent or divergent aspects between the results obtained with amyloidosis. Before, the article summarizes the hardware and the materials and the method of research.

2. Materials and Method of Research

This work retains the strategy used to study the amylose-oryzenin interaction. The amylopectin subunits comprise three (AMP3G) or four (AMP4G) glucose molecules linked by osidic bridges. The arrangement of glucose molecules considers the branching of amylopectin. The amylopectin-oryzenin complex is divided into two parts. The ONIOM/[DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p): AM1] offers the possibility of calculating its parameters with different levels of precision [12] [13]. The active part concerns the interaction site between the hydrogen of oryzenin and the oxygen of amylopectin. This part undergoes a calculation with high precision DFT/(B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p)). On the contrary, the remaining part of the complex is treated with the low precision semi-empirical AM1 method. Moreover, the research uses Gaussian 09 software to optimize all the parameters of the complexes [14].

Vibration frequency calculations help validate their geometric parameters. From an ideal structure, a “single point” calculation at the same level of theory offers the opportunity to perform the NBO calculation [15]. As in the amylose-oryzenin complexes, the interactions considered are those established between osidic oxygen of amylopectin (by its subunits) and oryzenin-hydrogen. The numbering of the atoms is generated automatically by the GaussView06 software. The electrostatic potential [16] [17] [18] [19] at the level of the B3LYP/ 6-31+G(d, p) theory makes it possible to identify the HB donor or acceptor sites of oryzenin [2]. More, this article presents and discusses its results.

3. Results and Discussion

This section presents the results related to the interactions between the two polysaccharides of the study and oryzenin. It specifies those linking to the NBO analysis. Table 1 and Table 2 present the stabilization energies E⁽²⁾, the differences

Table 1. Stabilization energy of second-order E⁽²⁾ perturbations in the AMP3G-oryzenin complex.

Table 2. Stabilization energy of second-order E⁽²⁾ perturbations in the AMP4G-oryzenin complex.

between the energies of NBO electron donors (i) and NBO electron acceptor (j). They also show the elements F(i, j) of the Fock matrix and the CT. The model of the latter, constructed by Reed and al [11] , makes it possible to describe the interactions in the AMP3G-oryzenin and AMP4G-oryzenin complexes.

3.1. NBO Analysis of the Amylopectin (AMP3G/AMP4G)-Oryzenin Complexes

The NBO analysis presents the results for which the stabilization energies are greater than 1.5 kcal·mol⁻¹. CT are correlated with these quantities. The relative positions of the interacting elements influence them. In the AMP3G-oryzenin complex, for the oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉ and oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ interactions, the most important contributions to equilibrium result from the transfer of free chlorine pairs from oryzenin. They correspond to the transitions:

- For the interaction oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉:

● $n_{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{36}}}^{\left(4\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{C}}_{\text{69}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{77}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 51.82 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 117.37 me

- For oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉:

● $n_{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{36}}}^{\left(4\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{91}{\text{-H}}_{102}}^{\text{*}}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 38.5 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 76.10 me.

A secondary stabilization exists; it’s based on the following transitions:

- For oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉,

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{49}}}^{\left(2\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{29}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{30}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 8.46 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 16.73 me

- For oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉,

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{99}}}^{\left(2\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{29}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{30}}}^{*}$ with E ⁽²⁾ = 10.59 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 20.98 me

The CT of 20.98 suggests to me that the strong HB in AMP3G-oryzenin comes from the oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ interaction. For those with the N₉H₁₀ of oryzenin, no CT is observed with chlorine. Its position prohibits it within the complexes. The most important transfers are those concerning O₄₉ and N_9-H₁₀ bonds. They’re

- For the interaction N₉-H₁₀…O₄₉,

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{49}}}^{\left(1\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{N}}_{\text{9}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{10}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 5.96 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 9.24 me

- For the interaction N₉-H₁₀…O₉₉,

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{99}}}^{\left(1\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{N}}_{\text{9}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{10}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 8.59 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 17.55 me.

In the case of the AMP4G-oryzenin complex, the strongest stabilization comes from free chlorine pairs:

- For the interaction oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉,

● $n_{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{36}}}^{\left(4\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{C}}_{\text{69}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{77}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 39.47 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 79.01 me

- For the interaction oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₁,

● $n_{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{36}}}^{\left(4\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{119}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{120}}}^{*}$ transition with E⁽²⁾ = 33.79 kcal·mol⁻¹ CT = 71.90 me

- For oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉, two transitions of chlorine bring the strongest stabilization. It’s about:

● $n_{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{36}}}^{\left(4\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{C}}_{\text{93}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{94}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 20.82 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 41.73 me

● $n_{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{36}}}^{\left(4\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{119}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{120}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 21.81 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 44.62 me

Besides, the stabilization brought mainly by chlorine, there’s a secondary one.

This result from transitions:

- For oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉,

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{49}}}^{\left(1\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{29}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{30}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 8.61 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 13.30 me

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{49}}}^{\left(2\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{29}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{30}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 6.32 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 12.88 me

- For oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₁,

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{91}}}^{\left(1\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{29}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{30}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 9.99 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 14.83 me.

- For oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉,

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{91}}}^{\left(1\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{29}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{30}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 10.14 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 16.53 me.

Oxygen O₉₉ participates more in CT. The corresponding value is 16. This proves that the stabilization is maximum for the transition which concerns it. Under these conditions, the oryzenin H₃₀…O₉₉ interaction becomes the most probable. Regarding N₉H₁₀…O₄₉, no stabilization comes from chlorine. CT results from transition:

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{49}}}^{\left(2\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{N}}_{\text{9}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{10}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 5.33 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 11.25 me.

- For N₉H₁₀…O₉₁, two transitions from the chlorine atom provide the solidest stabilization. They are

● $n_{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{36}}}^{\left(4\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{54}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{123}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 28.98 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 59.91 me

● $n_{{\text{Cl}}_{\text{36}}}^{\left(4\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{O}}_{\text{51}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{52}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 17.94 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 36.22 me

- For the interaction N₉-H₁₀…O₉₉:

● $n_{{\text{O}}_{\text{99}}}^{\left(1\right)}\to {\sigma }_{{\text{N}}_{\text{9}}{\text{-H}}_{\text{10}}}^{*}$ with E⁽²⁾ = 7.24 kcal·mol⁻¹ and CT = 11.40 me.

HB is strong with the oryzenin-H30 probe associated with O₉₉ in the AMP3G and in AMP4G complexes. This interaction results from the lone chlorine pairs of oryzenin. It initiates the transformation of amylopectin at its branching level. The research exploits this result to construct the ideal complexes. It uses it to model the interactions between oryzenin and AMP4G or AMP3G. In previous research [2] , the electrostatic potential of molecular interaction sites indicated that the oryzenin H₃₀ and H₁₀ constitute the highest potential V_S,max. This work appropriates this result to study AMP3G.

3.2. Interaction AMP3G-Oryzenine

These atoms illustrate the hydrogen donor potential of the oryzenin. The geometrical, energetic, spectroscopic parameters and the NBO analysis relate to the interactions involving this hydrogen. Figure 1 shows the geometries of the optimized complexes. A red ball represents an oxygen atom. A big white corresponds to a carbon. A small one schematizes hydrogen.

(a)(b)(c)(d)

Figure 1. 3D structures of optimized AMP4G-oryzenin. (a) Interaction N₉H₁₀…O₄₉; (b) Interaction N₉H₁₀…O₉₉; (c) Interaction N₉H₁₀…O₉₉; (d) Interaction oryzenin-H30…O₉₉.

Table 3 shows the geometric parameters. It presents the distance d, the angles of linearity α and of direction β associated with HB. The distance d varies from 1.92 Å to 2.17 Å [20]. It characterizes HB. They’re less than 2.62 Å [21] [22]; this value defines the Vander Waals sum radii of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms [23] [24]. Oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉, oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ and N₉H₁₀…O₉₉ respect the condition for HB [24]. On the other hand, the α and β associated with the N₉H₁₀…O₄₉ interaction deviate from the ideal values. These geometrical parameters establish that oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ is the strongest HB.

Table 4 shows the variations of the enthalpy, the entropy and the free enthalpy of reaction linked to the interactions between AMP3G and oryzenin. Those relating to the enthalpies of reaction are all negative. They fluctuate between −2.730 kcal·mol⁻¹ and −20.175 kcal·mol⁻¹. These values suggest that all reactions are exothermic. Those associated with the oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ interaction represent the weakest.

This interaction corresponds to the most stable. Its free enthalpy of reaction (∆rG = −5.30 kcal·mol⁻¹) indicates that its formation is spontaneous. The other interactions (N₉H₁₀…O₄₉ and N₉H₁₀…O₉₉) are exothermic but not spontaneous (∆rG > 0). Figure 2 shows free enthalpies of reaction changes associated with AM3G-oryzenin and AMP3G-oryzenin complexes. It illustrates that the others (N₉H₁₀…O₄₉ and N₉H₁₀…O₉₉) aren’t spontaneous (ArG > 0).

These results suggest the degradation modality of amylopectin; this process begins with the establishment of HB oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉. It breaks the osidic bridges of the ramification. It leads to the formation of amyloidosis. Its production linked to this process and its natural disappearance [2] occurs concomitantly. They explain the slow decrease in its rate presence in the starch during the aging of the rice. Furthermore, spectroscopic parameters precise this finding.

Table 3. Geometric parameters of the AMP3G-oryzenine complex at ONIOM (B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p): AM1).

Table 4. Energetic parameters of AMP3G-oryzenine complex at ONIOM (B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p): AM1).

Figure 2. Free enthalpies of reaction changes associated with AM3G-oryzenine and AMP3G-oryzenin complex.

Table 5 outlines the O-H and N-H stretching frequency shift of free and complex oryzenin. It presents their differences. These reach 281 cm⁻¹ for oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ interaction and 236 cm⁻¹ for oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉. Those of the N-H bonds remain lower than them. They only attain 126 cm⁻¹ for HB N₉-H₁₀…O₄₉. Important variation in vibrational frequencies reflects the strong oxygen attraction of the O₉₉ osidic bridge around H₃₀. It’s greater for the O-H bond; it reaches 281 cm⁻¹ for oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉. It reveals that H₃₀ exerts its strongest attraction on oxygen O₉₉ of the amylopectin branching osidic bridge. The latter breaks. This rupture leads to linear chains of α-D-glucose or amyloidosis. This result suggests that the degradation of amylopectin is easier than that of amylose.

Table 5. Elongation frequencies and its variations (cm⁻¹) associated with O-H and N-H of free and complex oryzenin in the AMP4G-oryzenin interaction.

The rupture of its osidic bridge conducts to the formation of this starch latter component. This result refutes the conclusions of [3]. Its authors conjecture that the storage of rice favours the fall in the proportion of amylose in the starch; they affirm that an increase in that of amylopectin in the same proportion simultaneously. Thus, degradation of rice starch changes the amylose-amylopectin ratio. This result corroborates the observations of Cao and al [25] regarding the variation over time of this latter. The first degradation of amylopectin also supports the conclusions drawn from the analysis of geometric, energetic, and spectroscopy. Moreover, this research concerns the AMP4G-oryzenin complex.

3.3. Interaction AMP4G-Oryzenin

This section presents and discusses the results related to the geometrical, energetic, spectroscopic parameters and NBO analysis of the AMP4G-oryzenin complexes. The optimized geometries (Figure 3) show three osidic bridges (O₄₉, O₉₁, O₉₉) of the four α-D-glucose “synthons” representing the portion of amylopectin interacting with the two main oryzenin interaction sites (oryzenin-H₃₀ and N₉-H₁₀). The distance d materialized by a dotted line in each complex indicates the interaction between the two sites. The geometrical parameters allow identifying it.

Table 6 shows the geometric parameters (d, α, β) of the interactions characterizing HB in the AMP4G-oryzenin complex. Its data agree with those established by Desiraju and al [22]. They indicate that the oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉ and oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₁ interactions lead to strong HB; their distances d are very close (1.93 Å; 1.94 Å).

The environment around the HB influences the angular parameters. The linearity angle α of the oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₁ interaction equals 170.8˚. It reaches 172.4˚ for oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉. The angles α deviate from their ideal values, 180˚. β, associated oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉ interaction, is 5.1˚ lower than the expected 109.9˚. The β angle of the oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ interaction exceeds it by 0.6. It’s at the upper limit of the interval of Desiraju and al [22]. These two angles β are different from 109.9˚. Analysis of the three geometric parameters suggests that HB H₃₀…O₉₁ is the most stable of the AMP4G-oryzenin complex.

(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)

Figure 3. 3D structures of optimized AMP4G-oryzenin. (a) oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉ interaction; (b) oryzenin-N₉H₁₀…O₄₉ interaction; (c) oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₁ interaction; (d) Oryzenin N₉H₁₀…O₉₁ interaction; (e) oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ interaction; (f) Interaction N₉H₁₀…O₉₉.

Table 6. Geometrical parameters of the AMP4G-oryzenin complex at ONIOM (B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p): AM1).

Its distance d respects the criterion of Desiraju and al [22]. Its angle α and β remain close to their ideal values. These parameters lead to the conclusion that the AMP4G degradation begins in O₉₁ locate on osidic bridge position α (1, 6).

Table 7 compiles the variation of the enthalpies, entropy, and free enthalpies for AMP4G-oryzenin interactions. The variations of the enthalpies are all negative. They appear between −3.525 kcal·mol⁻¹ and −27.968 kcal·mol⁻¹; The HB formation is exothermic. The ∆rH also suggest that the interactions created by oryzenin-H₃₀ and N₉H₁₀ are all stable. The lowest ∆rH corresponds to the interaction oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ (∆rH = −27.968 kcal·mol⁻¹).

The negative ∆rG values with oryzenin-H₃₀ show that the interactions oryzenin-H₃₀…O₄₉, oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₁ and oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ are spontaneous while those established with N₉H₁₀ aren’t. ∆rG coincides with the bottommost value (∆rG = −9.719 kcal·mol⁻¹) for the interaction oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉. This latter is the strongest HB and the most spontaneous. The HB with O₄₉ and O₉₁ aren’t negligible. These results indicate that the O₉₉ site is the most favourable for HB formation. This suggests that AMP4G degrade primarily from this site.

Table 8 shows the υ(O-H) and υ(N-H) stretching frequencies of free and associated oryzenin. The stretch frequency changes are all positive. The strengths of HB linked with them decrease in the order O₉₉, O₉₁ and O₄₉ for AMP4G. They correspond to the most stable interactions between AMP4G and oryzenin-H₃₀; the most important variation is those related to the oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₉ interaction of 261 cm⁻¹. It proves that the latter is the strongest of this group.

The O₉₉ site is the most favourable for the formation of HB. This suggests that AMP4G mostly breaks down from there. Its deterioration begins with this osidic bridge in position α (1.6). The rupture of the latter promotes the formation of linear α-D-glucose chains; it leads to amyloidosis. These consist of tetra saccharides. They degrade according to the mechanism described by [2]. Then, this work elucidates the mechanism of starch degradation following the appearance of amyloidosis.

Figure 4 shows the free enthalpy changes associated with interactions between O₂₉H₃₀ or N₉H₁₀ and the appropriate proton acceptor sites of AM4G and AMP4G. Its data reveal that all variations linked to AM4G and AMP4G are negative for the O₂₉H₃₀ probe. The modifications related to the interactions between N9H10 and AM4G are also. The formation of HB following oryzenin-O₂₉H₃₀-AMP4G or

Table 7. Energetic parameters of AMP4G-oryzenin complexes at ONIOM (B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p): AM1).

Table 8. Elongation frequencies and changes in O-H and N-H elongation frequencies (cm⁻¹) free and complex oryzenin from AMP4G-oryzenin interactions.

Figure 4. AM4G-oryzenin and AMP4G-oryzenin free enthalpy variations.

oryzenin-N₉H₁₀-AM4G interactions correspond to spontaneous processes for the osidic bridges O₄₉, O₉₁, O₉₉ polysaccharides. On the other hand, the positive values associated with the free enthalpy demonstrate that the interactions of oryzenin-N₉H₁₀-AMP4G aren’t. This energetic component hardly sheds light on the complete mechanism underlying the degradation of AMP4G.

The interactions between two polysaccharides with O₂₉H₃₀ lead spontaneously to the formation of HB with each osidic bridge O₄₉, O₉₁. O₉₉. In other words, their thermodynamic similarity doesn’t make it possible to detect the second stage of the AMP4G disintegration during its progressive transformation into AM4G. This limit justifies the choice of spectroscopy. This can explain degradation order of the two saccharides in this phase deterioration; the local nature of the phenomenon pleads for this approach.

For the same oryzenin-H₃₀ probe, the two oxygen osidic bridges O(1) and O(2) possible for the oryzenin-H₃₀…O₉₁ interaction, the difference in frequency between the free and associated forms is 257 cm⁻¹. Moreover, that between AM4G and AMP4G is −30 cm⁻¹ for O(1) and +7 cm⁻¹ around O(2) as the receptor site. The frequency variation is greater for amylopectin near O(1) compared to amyloidosis. It reflects a stronger attraction of oxygen from the osidic bridge oxygen O₉₁ towards H₃₀. It breaks the latter more easily.

The degradation of amylopectin into amylose is carried out continuously when the first interact with O₉₁. The same reasoning leads to similar conclusions with O₉₉ and O₄₉. In the latter case, the transformation of AMP4G takes place around O(1) mainly; a smaller proportion comes from its O(2). Furthermore, this research extends to NBO analysis of the AMP4G-oryzenin and AMP3G-oryzenin complexes.

4. Conclusions

This work aims to clarify the chemical processes underlying the degradation of amylopectin with oryzenin. It exploits resources from quantum chemistry as a method. It uses NBO analysis and calculates the geometric, energetic, and spectroscopic parameters of the AMP3G-oryzenin and AMP4G-oryzenin complexes. It employs the ONIOM [DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p): AM1]. This method makes it possible to suggest a mechanism to explain the degradation of amylopectin by oryzenin. This latter establishes HB through H₃₀ or H₁₀.

This work locates the presence of HB near the oxygen of AMP3G or AMP4G situated at α (1, 6) on the osidic bridge O₉₉. The latter coincides with their branching points. HB results from the strong attraction of oxygen O₉₉ to H₃₀. It causes the rupture of this bridge. It leads to the formation of amyloid. On the other hand, the frequency variation is greater for amylopectin around O(1); it exceeds that associated with the interaction with amyloidosis near O(2). This difference reflects a stronger attraction of oxygen O₉₉, O₉₁ or O₄₉ towards H₃₀. It suggests that the degradation of amylopectin is easier than that of amylose. So, these forces readily break the branching of amylopectin. Its degradation into amyloid becomes continuous. The latter deteriorates gradually according to the mechanism described by [2]; its products are monosaccharides and disaccharides during rice aging or storage. This finding contributes to the debate on rice starch degradation; it refutes the conclusions of [3].

According to [3] , the storage of rice promotes a reduction in the proportion of amylose in the starch; it causes an equivalent increase in that of amylopectin. On the other hand, the observations of Caoet al. [25] confirm the findings of this research. These authors state that amylopectin is degraded before amyloidosis. Moreover, research reinforces the team’s findings [2]. It specifies that the deterioration of rice starch begins with that of its amylopectin. Therefore, it explains the origin of disaccharides and monosaccharides during the aging of rice. Their presence is linked to two types of amyloidosis. Some of it comes from the continual breakdown of amylopectin. The other relates to amyloid, a constituent of starch. Moreover, the article highlights the main difference between amylopectin and amyloid regarding action of oryzenin.

The attraction of oxygen from the saccharide bridge by H₃₀ differs between amylopectin-oryzenin and amyloid-oryzenin. The O-H stretching frequency difference associated with it exceeds that of the second complex. Simply, the attraction of the oryzenin’s H₃₀ for amylopectin’s oxygen on the osidic bridge remains higher than that observed for amyloid. This result constitutes further evidence that amylopectin degrades before amyloid in rice starch.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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